El presente trabajo de fin de máster tiene por objetivo ofrecer un análisis del impacto en los precios de los medicamentos a partir del cambio en la financiación de los medicamentos en España derivados de la introducción del RDL 16/2012, también conocido como el ‘medicamentazo’. Además se ofrecerá una perspectiva de los retos futuros y cambios en el entorno de competencia para la industria farmacéutica, así como las diferentes estrategias adoptadas por los laboratorios en el acceso al mercado.

The central system for generating genetic diversity and protecting the genomic integrity of replicating cells, from bacteria to humans, involves the homologous recombination (HR) machinery. It involves the process of exchange of molecules between DNA strands using the homology sequences. Because these machineries are highly efficient and precise it has become a useful analytical tool for the bacterial geneticists, thus, the engineering recombinant DNA molecules by homologous recombination, method called recombineering, is functional for sequence deletions, substitutions, or insertions. Under some conditions, the phage-mediated recombination system can be provided in E. coli by the ? phage Red enzymes, Red? and Red?. It involves a processive 5’ to 3’ exonuclease or a member of helicase family, namely Red?, which generates single stranded DNA (ssDNA) regions that are substrates for the single strand annealing protein (SSAP), i. e. Red?, which promotes joining of the DNA molecules by joining the recently replicated complementary sequences. The motivation of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the physical and functional coupling of the two enzymes Red? and Red?, as well as understanding the influence of including the DNA into the reaction, which acts as the substrate. Consequently, the experiments were designed and performed incorporating in vitro techniques not only for finding protein-protein interactions, such as co-immunoprecipitations and size exclusion chromatography, but also for analyzing the exonuclease activity of Red?. Also, the interaction of DNA with Red enzymes by means of the mobility shift assays was evaluated. In parallel, in vivo tests were made with the objective of defining the stoichiometry of the intracellular concentrations of both proteins during the co-expression in E. coli. In order to reveal more about the physical coupling of Red system’s components the preliminary data of a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy assay is described with the aim of determining whether the presence of Red? has an effect on Red?’s dwell-time on its substrate.

Pregnancy during adolescence is a worldwide public health concern. In developing countries, 14 million adolescents give birth each year, which accounts for 90% of all worldwide pregnancies. The proportion of adolescent women aged 10-19 whom have been pregnant in Mitú, Colombia is of approximately 25%, in comparison to 19.5% at the national level. This report aims to review the effectiveness and identifying best practice of adolescent pregnancy interventions in low and middle income countries and use formative research to make specific recommendations for policy and practice to prevent adolescent pregnancy in Mitú, Colombia. EMBASE, Medline, CINHAL, Cochrane library, GLOBAL HEALTH, ADOLEC, Popline, LILACS and REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LIBRARY were searched to identify studies examining adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries. GOOGLE was searched to identify grey literature. Five semi-structured interviews were also conducted with key service providers in the field of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Mitú to explore the needs of the region in regards to adolescent pregnancy prevention and the barriers and facilitators for programme implementation. The literature review found that adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries had a positive impact on the knowledge of pregnancy prevention and may contribute to the delay of sexual initiation. However, impact on the use of contraceptive methods and reduction of adolescent pregnancy inconclusive. Interviews revealed key societal, familial and individual factors that were viewed to be linked to adolescent pregnancy in Mitú. Relationships between military personnel and young women appeared to be an important factor in high teenage pregnancy rates. Barriers for the adequate implementation and continuation of programmes included lack of political commitment, lack of financial, human and material resources and lack of inter-institutional collaboration, the high rate of staff turnover and the lack of monitoring programmes. Only few facilitators were mentioned that consisted mainly in the willing of both adolescent and military to collaborate in the implementation of adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions. In conclusion, evidence suggests that adolescent pregnancy prevention strategies are effective in increasing knowledge of pregnancy and might delay sexual initiation in low and middle-income countries. Features of effective programmes were identified and discussed and are important in designing and developing new strategies. However, cultural, environmental and social barriers need to be addressed through political commitment and inter-institutional collaboration in order to develop effective interventions for pregnancy prevention in Mitú.

El tema de este trabajo es el estudio de la época de la Violencia en Colombia (1946-1964) a través del cine que representa este periodo histórico, planteando de antemano una reflexión alrededor de la capacidad del cine para interpretar el pasado y sobre lo que este puede aportar en la discusión histórica, en este caso sobre el fenómeno de la Violencia. El texto está dividido en tres capítulos. En el primer capítulo expongo el debate que existe alrededor del cine y la historia, haciendo un recuento de los debates que se han generado alrededor de este tema y cómo ha evolucionado la cuestión hasta nuestros días. En el segundo capítulo y siguiendo una línea más académica, hago un recuento histórico de la época de la Violencia en Colombia, para ubicar al lector en el contexto y poder analizar las películas con un criterio basado en los textos académicos que se han escrito sobre el periodo. En el tercer capítulo analizo tres películas realizadas en épocas diferentes que tratan el fenómeno de la Violencia desde varias perspectivas, las películas son: El Río de las Tumbas de Julio Luzardo (1964), Cóndores no entierran todos los días de Francisco Norden (1984) y La Sargento Matacho de Wiliam González (2015). The theme of this work is the analysis of the era of La Violencia in Colombia (1946-1964) through cinema which explores this historical period, proposing beforehand a reflection about the capacity of cinema to interpret the past and how it can contribute to the historical discussion, in this case; the phenomenon of La Violencia. The text is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter I present the debate that exists around cinema and history, recounting the debates that have been generated around this topic and how the issue has evolved to the present day. In the second chapter and following a more academic line, I make a historical account of the era of La Violencia in Colombia, to locate the reader in the context and to be able to analyze the films with a criteria based on the academic texts that have been written on the period. In the third chapter I analyze three films made at different times dealing with the phenomenon of La Violencia from various perspectives, the films are: The River of the Tombs of Julio Luzardo (1964), Condors do not bury all the days of Francisco Norden (1984) and La Sargento Matacho by Wiliam González (2015).

Abstract: This survey gathered information about the transportation modal choices, among Politecnico di Milano university population (n=9,763 students, n=2,185 staff members). The main tool used for this stage was Geographical Information System Software (GIS) that allow us to visualize and evaluate the travel behaviors. In particular, it was studied its relation with the accessibility to public transportation infrastructure and networks likewise the frequency of their journeys. We analyzed, in particular, the diffusion of originated trips directed to the most important campuses of Politecnico: Leonardo Citta Studi located in the east-central part of Milan and Bovisa located in the north-west border of Milan. Subsequently we proposed a variety of Transport Demand Policies (TDM) aiming the promotion of the public transportation instead of non-motorized mobility, shifting specifically the choice from the car (there are more than 80,000 journeys made by car in the academic year) promoting alternatives like train and regulate the use of cars with parking restrictions and carpooling programs. Finally we also perform calculations to figure out the estimated cost of (TDM) strategies implementation, considering different scenarios according to assumptions based in the state of art provided by the Città Studi Sustainable Campus project. Resumen: El contenido del presente trabajo se enfoca en la interpretación de los hábitos de transporte por parte de la población del Politécnico de Milán que afectan negativamente la movilidad sostenible. Se han diseñado estrategias y políticas con el objetivo de controlar estos hábitos. La metodología para identificar el problema se fundamenta en la interpretación desde el punto de vista territorial a partir de una encuesta desarrollada por el proyecto Città Studi Sustainable Campus en 2015. Esta encuesta ha recolectado información de la distribución modal por parte de la población del Politécnico de Milán (9,763 estudiantes y 2,185 trabajadores). Las principales herramientas utilizadas han sido los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) que permiten visualizar y evaluar los hábitos de transporte. Se ha estudiado la relación de los hábitos con la accesibilidad a transporte público y la frecuencia de los viajes a lo largo del periodo académico. Se ha analizado los viajes atraídos por los campuses principales del Politécnico de Milán: Leonardo Citta Studi ubicado en el área este-central de Milán y Bovisa, ubicado en el noroccidente de Milán. A partir del análisis se ha propuesto una serie de Políticas de Demanda de Transporte (TDM) que buscan promover el uso de transporte público, modificando principalmente el uso de vehículo particular (se tienen más de 80,000 viajes con automóvil a lo largo del año académico) tales como uso del tren, regulación en el uso de parqueaderos y programas de carpooling. Finalmente se ha estimado el costo de la implementación de las diferentes TDM al considerar diferentes escenarios a partir de estudios previos elaborados por el proyecto Città Studi Sustainable Campus.

El patrimonio cultural se ha tratado de presentar como un espacio de consenso en el que afloran los acuerdos en cuanto a la identidad de una sociedad. Los cambios en la concepción de ‘cultura’, y consecuentemente del patrimonio cultural, trasladaron la atención del objeto patrimonial a la patrimonialización, entendiendo ahora el patrimonio como una construcción social y una producción cultural en la que se presentan convergencias y divergencias relativas a las distintas versiones de identidad involucradas, los criterios para la designación de los bienes patrimoniales y los usos de dicho patrimonio. El carácter de constructo del patrimonio permite encontrarse con un entramado de tensiones que lo convierte en lo que Bourdieu ha denominado un “campo”. El patrimonio cultural inmaterial es un tema propenso a consensos y disensos por las dificultades que han representado tanto su definición como la determinación y aplicación de medidas de protección, salvaguarda, fomento o viabilidad, pero sobre todo porque potencia la participación social al residir dicho patrimonio en las personas y/o comunidades. Barichara, Santander, es un pueblo que se presenta en el discurso turístico como un apacible destino colombiano en el que existe un total acuerdo sobre el hecho de que la valía del municipio reside en su patrimonio construido, en sus oficios artesanales y en su capacidad creadora. No obstante, al aproximarse a la vida cotidiana de sus habitantes se descubren una serie de tensiones que emanan de un proceso dinámico de construcción social del patrimonio inmaterial, acelerado por el crecimiento del turismo y, especialmente, por la llegada de nuevos habitantes que han elegido este lugar como sitio de primera o segunda residencia. El escenario para las tensiones se hace fértil debido a la falta de aplicación de las políticas nacionales y departamentales, y la ausencia de políticas locales, expresamente culturales y, también, transversales. Este texto busca identificar y describir los actores involucrados en el proceso de construcción social del patrimonio cultural inmaterial en Barichara - específicamente en lo relativo a oficios artesanales-, las nociones y criterios explícitos o implícitos que rigen dichos procesos, y los principales ámbitos de tensión que de ello se derivan.

"Freshwater ecosystem degradation in the Amazon and Orinoco river basins is increasing due to rising human population numbers, and large water development projects. Therefore, monitoring ecosystem condition in these rivers of high biodiversity is of global conservation importance. This dissertation evaluated the potential of using river dolphins as indicators of ecosystem condition in large tropical rivers of South America. First, population estimates of river dolphins were obtained by line-strip transect surveys and mark-recapture methods on photo-identifications. Using this information, I identified critical habitat, hotspots, and areas of concern for river dolphins, as well as the relationship between dolphin density and group size estimates with ecological features. Second, I evaluated the relationship between dolphin estimates and human stressors. Higher densities of dolphins occurred in rivers with low indices of overall freshwater degradation, such as rivers with high water quality and the lowest human population numbers. Thus, dolphin density estimates seem to be good indicators of freshwater ecosystem degradation in the Amazon and Orinoco basins. These top predators not only are indicator species, but also have the potential to act as flagship and sentinel species, indicating freshwater ecosystem degradation and stimulating conservation action. This dissertation highlights the large changes in the Amazon and Orinoco that are approaching fast. Indicator, flagship and sentinel species can become science-based conservation tools not to only document freshwater ecosystem degradation, but to raise awareness about broader implications of human stressors on biodiversity and river systems."

Nordic countries experience post-glacial rebound, a movement where geographical contours slowly change elevation with respect to the mean sea level. The glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model aims to explain the phenomena, which combined with seismic data allows geoscientists to reconstruct elastic coefficients and viscosities of the Earth's lithosphere and upper mantle. The use of standard commercial codes are not adequate for GIA simulations and result in significant errors in the displacement field. This negative outcome suggests the development of GIA codes that include advection of pre-stress in the model. The problem set up consists on a solid 2D elastic layer under a flat Earth approximation, described by three different models suggested by current studies in geophysics.For space discretization the mixed finite element method (mFEM) is used and efficient preconditioners are built for the resulting algebraic system in saddle point form. A three level GMRES iterative solution strategy is proposed, based on Schur Complement preconditioners coupled with Multigrid techniques. The implementation is presented as a ready-to-use toolbox that easily deals with problem parameters, geometries, compressible and fully incompressible materials and provides higher accuracy for the displacement field compared with the previously existent codes. It also can be easily extended to 3D geometries and allows the implementation of a viscoelastic mantle. The code is written in C++ using the deal.II library designed for FEM, permitting the use of readily-made software packages, such as Trilinos that are straightforwardly parallelizable.

The purpose of this paper is to consolidate a body of research, which will explain the opportunities the knowledge economy and innovating in design education can offer to emerging economies specifically in the context of Colombia. Colombia is a country that is growing economically but is also being held back by extremely complex social and political issues that are being addressed by the government, the public sector, and financial institutions but are still far from being solved.

Due to the continue trend of technology for circuit scaling; optimal sizes for transistors and cables are needed, this scaling comes along with power increase and undesired cross talk effects between the wires which might affect the signal itself. A trade-off curve between power, area and delay is required so that a tuned solution for a specific problem might be found.  Here, an approach based on the dominant time constant optimization technique for modelling of the delay is investigated for an initial square topology with uniform wire and repeater sizing based on convex optimization and Linear Matrix Inequalities. Results with optimal buffer insertion across the bus are also investigated.