ITALIANO La città colombiana di Santiago di Cali è stata catalogata come zona di alta pericolosità sismica. Diversi scuotimento di alti livelli di intensità nel passato hanno registrato effetti significativi sull’infrastruttura della città. In conseguenza, uno studio di pericolosità sismica è stato fatto dall’Istituto Geologico e di Mine Colombiano (INGEOMINAS), dove diverse zone di comportamento dinamico omogeneo sono state caratterizzate. Per migliorarne la conoscenza sulla risposta del sottosuolo, Otálvaro et al., (2010) hanno sviluppato diverse prove geofisiche nel campus della Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ Cali), localizzata nella zona omogenea 4e. Come risultato delle prove e dell’analisi di informazione indiretta (pozzi di estrazione nelle vicinanze), un profilo sismo-geotecnico tipico è stato proposto. L’obiettivo della presente ricerca è stato la determinazione della pericolosità in superficie, in termini di Spettro di Risposta a Pericolosità Uniforme (UHS) per la PUJ Cali, conoscendo la pericolosità di base dall’Analisi Probabilistica della Pericolosità Sismica (PSHA) e valutando la Risposta Sismica Locale (RSL) del deposito di terreno. La metodologia seguita per la definizione dello spettro UHS in superficie intende, prima, la determinazione di un numero sufficiente di accelerogrammi rappresentativi della pericolosità di base per l’analisi del comportamento sismico del deposito di terreno in PUJ Cali, tramite RSL. I risultati dalla RSL si presentano in termini di funzioni di amplificazione, ovvero l’entità dell’amplificazione subita dal profilo di terreno per diversi periodi spettrali, in funzione del livello di scuotimento. Come ultimo passaggio, bisogna integrare tali funzioni con lo spettro UHS in condizioni di riferimento (roccia), dalla PSHA. La strada scelta per questa operazione è stata il Metodo della Convoluzione (Bazzurro & Cornell, 2004b), un metodo consistente con la natura probabilistica della PSHA che intende superare le limitazioni dei “Metodi Ibridi”, dove la PSHA si integra con la RSL semplicemente tramite moltiplicazione periodo a periodo dell’UHS in roccia per dei valori deterministici di amplificazione. Inoltre, la variabilità nel profilo delle velocità delle onde di taglio (Vs) è stata introdotta tramite simulazioni Monte Carlo. I risultati per il presente caso di studio, in termini di UHS per periodi di ritorno di 475 e 1000 anni, segnalano come il metodo della convoluzione, contrario a quanto riportato in letteratura, prevede accelerazioni spettrali consistentemente minori di quelle in corrispondenza dei metodi ibridi. Tale differenza è ancora più significativa all’aumentare del periodo di ritorno. Inoltre, è stato evidenziato come l’effetto della variabilità nel profilo di Vs si tradurre in minori amplificazioni per quasi tutti i periodi spettrali, questo dovuto al fatto della non-linearità indotta nei profili randomizzati meno rigidi. Tuttavia, in termini di UHS, l’inclusione dell’incertezza genera uno spettro più conservativo dello spettro nel caso deterministico poiché il metodo della convoluzione tiene in conto della deviazione standard delle funzioni di amplificazione, significativamente maggiore considerando randomizzazione. Finalmente, è da notare come lo spettro UHS in superficie proposto per PUJ Cali in questo elaborato prevede accelerazioni spettrali minori di quelle corrispondenti agli spettri riportati da INGEOMINAS (2005a) e Otálvaro et al., (2010) sapendo che tali spettri sono inviluppi e non risposte medie. ENGLISH Colombian city Cali has been classified as a high seismic hazard zone. Several recorded ground motions have registered significant effects on the city’s infrastructure. In consequence, a seismic hazard analysis was developed by the Institute of Geology and Mines in Colombia (INGEOMINAS), where dynamically homogeneous zones were characterized. To improve the knowledge regarding the seismic response from the soil, Otálvaro et al., (2010) performed a number of geophysical surveys on the campus of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ Cali), located on the homogenous zone 4e in Cali. The outcome from the tests and some indirect information was a proposed typical soil profile. This study aims to determine the hazard in surface, in terms of Uniform Hazard Spectrum (UHS) for PUJ Cali, knowing the UHS for rock conditions from the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and evaluating the soil’s Local Seismic Response (RSL). The methodology followed to define the UHS in surface consists in first determining enough ground motions coherent with the base hazard for then performing the seismic behavior analysis for the subsoil, by RSL. Results from RSL are presented as amplification functions, that is, the entity of the amplification suffered by the soil for diverse spectral periods, as a function of the level of strain induced. The last step consists in merging said functions with the PSHA. For this operation, the Convolution Method (Bazzurro & Cornell, 2004b) was chosen, a method consistent with the probabilistic nature from the PSHA which aims to overcome the limitations from “Hybrid Methods”, where PSHA is merged with RSL by a simple multiplication, period by period, of UHS in rock and deterministic values for amplification. Furthermore, the soil’s profile variability is accounted as uncertainty in the shear-wave velocity (Vs) profile, implementing Monte Carlo simulations. Results, in terms of UHS for return periods of 475 and 1000 years, show how spectral accelerations from the convolution method, contrary as reported in literature, are consistently lower than those corresponding to hybrid methods. This difference becomes more significant as return period increases. Discussing the effect of uncertainty in Vs, it is noted how lower amplifications are experienced for most periods when considering a stochastic situation, this because of non-linearity induced in less rigid randomized profiles. Nevertheless, the UHS considering Vs variability is more conservative than the UHS from the deterministic profile due to the inclusion of standard deviation of amplification functions in the convolution method, significantly higher than those corresponding to the base profile. Finally, it is noted how the UHS proposed for PUJ Cali for this study predicts lower spectral accelerations than those spectrums reported from INGEOMINAS (2005a) and Otálvaro et al., (2010), acknowledging that these last spectrums are envelopes and do not represent a median response.

Mudejar Art, the architectural style that emerged in Spain during the Reconquista, is relatively common in Spanish Colonial architecture in America, but it was merely an echo of the contemporary buildings constructed in Spain during the years of the colony. The presence of completely Islamic structures, however, such as the Mosque-type chapels, defy that observation, because the hypostyle plan had not been used in Spain for at least a hundred years. This research compares five chapels built in Mexico during the sixteenth century that follow a hypostyle plan, which resemble mosques in almost every aspect. It also proposes that these Mosque-type churches were a creative solution to accommodate the indigenous population, their patterns of worship and their number during the early years of the colony. These Islamic-inspired designs precede the open-air chapels, which became a common feature in sixteenth century Mexican architecture. An additional transcultural element given by the main users and builders of these chapels enrich the panorama of Mudejar art, mixing Native American religion and culture with an already rich Spanish Mudejar taste.

This dissertation offers a comprehensive interpretation of the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant, and highlights some common principles of their theories of state legitimacy. While the respective parts of the dissertation can be read as freestanding monographs, they jointly illustrate the appeal of a specific understanding of the problem of political legitimacy. Hobbes, Rousseau, and Kant took legitimacy to be about the right to perform as a state—the right, that is, to be the sole entity authorized to act and speak in the people’s name. Notably, they believed that this right was conceptually independent from the quality of the state’s performance. For these early modern thinkers, legitimacy is a normative property that cannot be ascribed to states merely as a function of the degree to which they exercise their coercive power in accordance with principles of social justice. The distinction between legitimacy and justice as independent dimensions of political evaluation is exegetically illuminating in the context of Hobbes, Rousseau, and Kant. Furthermore, it is an important philosophical and practical insight in its own right. In this regard, Kant’s political philosophy stands out as a model for constructing a theory of legitimacy that captures the fact that a peaceful, orderly, and law-bound social world—a Rechtsstaat—is an enormous achievement worth protecting despite the injustices with which it can often coexist. Esta disertación plantea una interpretación exhaustiva de la filosofía política de Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau y Emmanuel Kant, y destaca algunos principios comunes sus respectivas teorías de la legitimidad del estado. Si bien cada parte de la disertación puede verse como una monografía independiente sobre el autor de que se trate, juntas ilustran los atractivos conceptuales de una manera puntual de entender el problema de la legitimidad. Hobbes, Rousseau y Kant concebían el problema de la legitimidad como concerniente al derecho de desempeñarse como estado, es decir, el derecho de ser la única entidad autorizada para obrar y hablar en nombre del conjunto de los ciudadanos. Es más, los tres entendían tal derecho como conceptualmente independiente de la calidad del desempeño del estado. Para estos pensadores de la modernidad temprana, la legitimidad es una propiedad normativa que no puede atribuírsele a un estado solamente en función de qué tanto utiliza este su poder coercitivo en pro de los principios de justicia social. La distinción conceptual entre legitimidad y justicia como dimensiones independientes de evaluación de las instituciones políticas tiene importantes implicaciones para la interpretación de Hobbes, Rousseau y Kant. Más allá de eso, es un postulado de gran importancia filosófica y práctica. Visto desde esa perspectiva, el pensamiento político de Kant sobresale como modelo para la construcción de una teoría de la legitimidad del estado capaz de dar la importancia debida al hecho de que un universo social pacífico, ordenado y regido por la ley—un Rechstaat, como él lo llamara—es un logro extraordinario que merece ser cuidado a pesar de las injusticias con las que frecuentemente coexiste.

Generally studies about identity and consumption have assumed that individuals are immersed in a context of abundance, in which their possibilities to fulfil their needs and desires to purposefully construct a consumption lifestyle are granted. Within this context, studies from the Consumer Culture Theory perspective have described how individuals navigate consumer culture by developing enduring relationships with possessions that help them to build identities and a sense of self. However, this is not always possible during every individual’s life. Certain situational factors not only provoke the individual’s loss of what they have already built, but also lead them to a restricted consumption context. The present study focuses on forced and uncertain changing events, those whose severity and/or rapid change disrupts an individual’s entire life. Through a phenomenological approach of the homeless experience, this study attempts to understand individuals’ transition into a restricted consumption context. The empirical data obtained from a twenty two month ethnographic study evidences that experiencing homelessness, individuals’ loss of possessions and the perceived uncertainty that characterizes life on the streets, trigger not only a self-transformation process, but also alter their relationship with the material world. The findings are contrasted with the current literature extending previous work about transition and consumption by: a) Proposing a new transformational routine to describe the forced self-transformations and how consumption (or the lack of it) becomes an element that influences the deconstruction and construction of a new self. b) Identifying how in a restricted consumption context, individuals develop a different relationship with the material world, and how this changes their modes of consumption.

L'expérience dans le métro est le résultat d'un parcours de vie volontairement assumé, où se mêlent les logiques de l'immigration et l'exclusion. L'étranger qui va pour rester, et surtout le sans papiers, arrive dans une situation où il est dépourvu d'éléments pour s'insérer dans le pays d'accueil. Sur le plan social, tous les liens qu'il avait constitués dans son pays de provenance sont absents, sauf les amis et les parents éventuels ou la solidarité d'origine qui peut être un appui dans un moment donné. Malgré tout, le processus pour arriver à se faire une place dans la société réceptrice est longue et n'est pas exempte d'inconvénients. La situation de départ pour l'étranger est, ainsi, une situation de «marginalité». Mais cette perception ne doit pas être prise dans le sens négative d'anomie. La volonté de l'individu qui arrive dans un pays étranger est de chercher des mécanismes ou des formules pour s'intégrer au milieu. «Qu'est-ce qu'il faut faire?» «Où est-ce qu'il faut aller?». Dans plusieurs cas, l'individu n'est pas tout seul, et il peut s'appuyer sur son réseau. Dans des communautés ethniques plus constituées, il trouvera un appui plus fermé. Mais pour ceux qui n'appartiennent pas à un tel groupe, la constitution d'une socialité s'effectue ailleurs, et la recherche de modes de survie est généralement réalisée en dehors des cercles sociaux traditionnels.

Este escrito pretende analizar un ejemplo de cómo se presenta el Derecho en los periódicos colombianos. Para lograrlo me centraré en analizar cómo se presentó en cuatro periódicos colombianos un nuevo código (Código de Policía y Convivencia, Ley 1801 de 2016). Empezaré presentando el marco teórico de quienes han hablado del Derecho en los medios de comunicación, posteriormente traeré a colación a los autores que recientemente han estudiado la relación entre Derecho y Policía ya que algunas de sus ideas son relevantes para entender cómo se ha presentado este nuevo código en los periódicos. Por último haré referencia a la relación cercana que existe entre los medios de comunicación y la Policía. Continuaré presentando las características, límites y ventajas de la metodología con la que me aproximaré, siendo esta el Análisis Cualitativo de Contenido, y describiré mi proceso de aplicación de dicha metodología haciendo énfasis en lo que Krippendorf llama el ciclo hermenéutico de Análisis Cualitativo de contenido. Para terminar, aplicaré esta metodología a cada periódico por separado lo cual me permitirá encontrar las tendencias particulares con las que estos medios se refieren al código que estudiaré. Se concluye lo siguiente: El código se presenta dentro de los límites típicos de los periódicos; Los periódicos presentan superficialmente los aspectos legales del código y le dan más importancia a los resultados de la aplicación de la norma; Las sanciones que trae el código se presentan de manera cándida; y Las actuaciones de la Policía autorizadas por el código se presenta paralelamente como heroicas y abusivas.

The digits on equine forelimbs withhold a great variability of weight overload, mainly caused by motion. Bones are linked through tendons and ligaments, which receive the greatest loads during the different phases of the stride. Ultrasound has become an important aid on evaluating these structures, since they are highly prone to lesion. To that purpose, we ought to evaluate tendinous and ligamentous lesions associated to distal limb lameness in horses by ultrasonographic examination of the distal limb. Furthermore, we studied the incidence of ungular cartilages ossification through radiographic examination. Tendinous and ligamentous structures were assessed on longitudinal and transversal planes. Colateral ligaments of the distal interfalangeal joints were also evaluated at the dorsal aspect of the limb, over the coronary band of the hoof. Aditionally, transcuneal examinaition was performed following trimming the hoof and levelling the frog. Dorsopalmar radiographs of both forelimbs were taken in order to grade ossification of the ungular cartilages by using the Ruohoniemi scale. Palmar structures such as oblique sesamoidean ligaments (46,66%), straight sesamoidean ligament (53,33%) also presented ultrasonographic signs of disruption. Suprasesamoidean, sesamoidean and infrasesamoidean lessions were observed on the deep digital flexor tendon. There were correspondence between the grade 1 and 3 of the ossification of the ungular cartilages and the desmopathy of the collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal joint, characterized by loss of the echographic pattern and the presence of fibrotic or mineralized areas. The desmopathies of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint, does not always have correspondence relationship with the ossification of the ipsilateral ungular cartilage. When the ossification of the cartilages is severe, can disturb the ability to dampen.

The equines have an appendicular skeleton which has a group of long bones, to develop high speeds, and avoid predators. These bones are targets for traumas and fractures. Their treatment and prognosis are direct influenced by the body weight. The external skeletal fixation is a therapeutic method used in horses for the treatment of third metacarpal / metatarsal bone fractures, and conminuted distal fractures. The external fixation methods mix the use of transcortical pins and a periferic structure, to direct the force to the proximal portion of the fractured region while the limb bears weight, a very important aspect in horses, because they need to bear weight although it exists an osseus injury. With the use of a sinthetic cast, three transcortical smooth pins with 4 mm of diameter, inserted with a range of 15 to 30° on the dorsal/palmar plane of the distal third of the radius, and three transcortical smooth pins of 4,5 mm of diameter, inserted with a range of 15 a 30° on the dorsal/palmar plane of the proximal third of the third metacarpal bone, was reduced a fracture in the proximal portion of the third metacarpal bone. In addition, it compromised the fourth carpal bone and the carpometacarpal joint of the left forelimb of a thoroughbred weanling foal of five months old. The goal of the procedure, was to allow the allignment of the limb and stabilize the joint which has less movement in the carpus. The external fixation was maintained during two months, and then, it was determined the use of the specimen for breeding aims.

The low-level jet over the Orinoco River basin is characterized using finer horizontal, vertical, and temporal resolution than possible in previous studies via dynamical downscaling. The investigation relies on a 5-month-long simulation (November 2013–March 2014) performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model, with initial and boundary conditions provided by the Global Forecast System analysis. Dynamical downscaling is demonstrated to be an effective method to better resolve the horizontal and vertical characteristics of the Orinoco low-level jet, not only improving its diurnal and austral-summer evolution, the identification and location of low-level jet streaks inside the stream tube, but also in determining the mechanisms leading to its formation. The Orinoco low-level jet (OLLJ) is found to be a single stream tube over Colombia and Venezuela with wind speeds greater than 8 m s-1, and four distinctive cores varying in height under the influence of sloping terrain. The OLLJ has its maximum monthly mean wind speed (13 m s-1) and largest spatial extent (2100 km × 400 km) in January. The maxima mean wind peeds (13–17 m s-1) in the diurnal cycle occur in the early morning above the nocturnal inversion; wind speeds are a minimum (8–9 m s-1) in the late afternoon when a deep, approximately unstratified boundary layer is present. The momentum balance analysis performed in a streamwise- and crosswise-rotated coordinate system reveal that the OLLJ is the result of four phenomena acting together to accelerate the wind: a sea-breeze penetration over the Orinoco River delta and Unare River depression, katabatic flow down the Coastal Cordillera, three expansion fans from point wakes in topography, and diurnal variation of turbulent diffusivity. La corriente en chorro de bajo nivel sobre la cuenca del río Orinoco es caracterizada, a través de una reducción dinámica de escala, con mayor resolución horizontal, vertical, y temporal que la obtenida en investigaciones previas. El estudio está basado en una simulación de 5 meses (noviembre 2013-marzo 2014) realizada con el modelo de investigación meteorológica y pronóstico WRF-ARW, y con condiciones iniciales y de frontera provenientes de los análisis del sistema de pronóstico global GFS-Analysis. La reducción dinámica de escala demuestra ser un método eficaz para resolver de una mejor manera las características horizontales y verticales de la corriente en chorro de bajo nivel del Orinoco, no sólo mejorando la descripción de su evolución diurna y estacional (verano austral), la identificación y localización de los núcleos de velocidad máxima del viento, sino también en la determinación de los mecanismos que conducen a su formación. Se encontró que la corriente en chorro de bajo nivel del Orinoco (OLLJ) es un tubo de corriente sobre Colombia y Venezuela con velocidades de viento mayores a 8 m s -1 , que tiene cuatro núcleos característicos que varían en altura debido a la influencia de la topografía circundante. En enero, el OLLJ presenta su máxima velocidad media mensual del viento (13 m s -1 ) y mayor extensión espacial (2100 km x 400 km). La máxima velocidad media del viento (13 – 17 m s -1 ) en el ciclo diurno ocurre temprano en la mañana por encima de la inversión nocturna, mientras que la velocidad mínima (8 – 9 m s -1 ) ocurre en la tarde cuando la capa de límite es profunda y aproximadamente neutra (i.e., sin estratificación). El análisis de balance de momento realizado en un sistema de coordenadas orientado en el sentido del flujo (coordenadas naturales), revela que el OLLJ es el resultado de cuatro fenómenos que actúan juntos para acelerar el viento: una penetración de la brisa de mar sobre el delta del río Orinoco y la depresión del río Unare, vientos catabáticos descendientes de la cordillera de la Costa, tres ventiladores de expansión que se desprenden de puntos topográficos, y la variación diurna en la difusión de la turbulencia.

This work analyses the repertoire for solo cello and cello with electronic media from 2000 to 2015 by Colombian composers, focusing on timbre as the main musical element explored. Nevertheless, a historical view on the European and non-European repertoire is included. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part includes chapters 1, 2, and 3. Chapter 1 classifies the cello playing techniques used in the most well-known pieces and studies the solo cello from the 17th century onwards, emphasising so-called extended playing techniques. Such classification serves as a tool for the further musical analyses in this work and as a foundation for the methodological framework in chapter 2, which discusses the notions of timbral modulation, timbral polyphony, and timbral re-signification. Chapter 3 discusses a new timbral development in the solo cello and cello with electronic media repertoire in the 20th and 21st century. This chapter surveys the crucial historical facts that generated a paradigm shift in the cello repertoire. This includes the emergence of different musical tendencies and the work of pioneer composers and performers. The second part of this study includes chapters 4 and 5, where the solo cello and cello with electronics repertoire from 2000 to 2015 by Colombian composers is analysed. The pieces involved emphasise a new timbral development within the repertoire. To summarise, this thesis emphasises how timbre was one of the elements that bifurcated the cello repertoire in the 20th and 21st century. Furthermore, this study describes how progressive composers and performers have deeply expanded playing techniques and the timbre of the instrument, and the exploration and combination of the medium with apparatus, artefacts, and new instruments into new ways of making music.