Abstract: This thesis aims to discuss and analyze the influence of women's work on the social construction of the Tarapacá territory, located in the Amazon region of Colombia. Tarapacá was established as a Colombian district as a result of the territorial conflict between Colombia and Peru over the Amazonian border. The period studied extends from the 1930s, when the border conflict occurred, to the year 2022. The research is based on historical documentary sources, interviews, and academic works that highlight the ways in which women understand, produce, and transform the environment. The theoretical framework falls within the field of environmental history with a focus on gender. The study of the relationships between gender and the environment throughout the history of this Amazonian territory seeks to document the legacy of women and understand how it manifests in the present. This work analyzes the relationship of women with the territory from the perspective of socio-spatial formation, considering the historical influence of their work in the construction of social space. Among the results, it is highlighted that the colonialist view tends to treat nature as passive and subordinate, resulting in the oppression of both nature and individuals considered ""non-agents"" and ""non-subjects,"" especially indigenous women. An approach aligned with the perspective of Well-Living (in Spanish, Buen Vivir) of the Andean-Amazonian peoples challenges this view and recognizes the agency and subjectivity of all living beings. For Amazonian women, their connection with nature is used as a strategy to position themselves in the political sphere, sustain life, and protect their territories. This symbolic and practical relationship with the environmental surroundings is fundamental for cultural preservation and resistance against exploitation and territorial dispossession. Resumen: Esta tesis tiene como objetivo discutir y analizar la influencia del trabajo de las mujeres en la construcción social del territorio de Tarapacá, ubicado en la región amazónica de Colombia. Tarapacá fue establecido como un distrito colombiano como resultado del conflicto territorial entre Colombia y Perú por la frontera amazónica. El período estudiado abarca desde la década de 1930, cuando ocurrió el conflicto fronterizo, hasta el año 2022. La investigación se basa en fuentes documentales históricas, entrevistas y trabajos académicos que destacan las formas en que las mujeres conocen, producen y transforman el ambiente. El marco teórico se enmarca en el campo de la historia ambiental con enfoque de género. El estudio de las relaciones entre género y ambiente a lo largo de la historia de este territorio amazónico busca documentar el legado de las mujeres y comprender cómo se manifiesta en el presente. El trabajo analiza la relación de las mujeres con el territorio desde la perspectiva de la formación socioespacial, considerando la influencia histórica de sus trabajos en la construcción del espacio social. Entre los resultados, se destaca que la visión colonialista tiende a tratar la naturaleza como pasiva y subordinada, lo que ha resultado en la opresión tanto de la naturaleza como de las personas consideradas ""no agentes"" y ""no sujetos"", especialmente las mujeres indígenas. Un enfoque cercano a la perspectiva del Buen Vivir de los pueblos andinoamazónicos desafía esta visión y reconoce la agencia y subjetividad de todos los seres vivos. Para las mujeres amazónicas, su vínculo con la naturaleza es usado como una estrategia para posicionarse en el ámbito político, sustentar la vida y proteger sus territorios. Esta relación simbólica y práctica con el entorno ambiental es fundamental para la preservación cultural y la resistencia contra la explotación y la desposesión territorial.

Abstract: Background: Multidrug resistant TB cases have been on the rise, risking advances in TB prevalence and control. Early diagnosis and targeted initial treatment are paramount for effective management and control of spreading of MDR/XDR-TB cases Methods: 161 isolates from patients with L-J culture confirmed TB in Lima, Peru, were tested with MODS+ assay, the diagnostic test and Sensititre, the reference standard. Analysis of growth patterns of bacteria in both methods were used to determine susceptibility/resistance of each isolate to three first line and six second line anti-TB agents, using two different critical concentrations (CC) for each antibiotic. Results: Agreement between susceptibility profiles and operational characteristics of diagnostic test yielded high performance and strong agreement with rifampicin 1μg/ml (agreement percent 90%, Kappa value 0.80) and amikacin 1μg/ml (agreement percent 96%, Kappa value 0.81), moderate for isoniazid 0.4μg/ml (agreement percent 89.4%, Kappa value 0.78), moxifloxacin at both CC’s 0.5μg/ml and 0.25μg/ml (agreement percent 93 and kappa values 0.73 for both), levofloxacin 2μg/ml (agreement 93%, kappa 0.69) and amikacin 2μg/ml (agreement 96%, Kappa 0.81), minimal for levofloxacin at CC 1.5μg/ml (agreement 90%, kappa 0.57) kanamycin at both CC’s 10μg/ml and 5μg/ml (agreement 87%, kappa 0.52) and ethionamide 5μg/ml (agreement 89%, kappa 0.46), weak for PAS 10μg/ml (agreement percent 93.9, kappa value 0.29), and none for ethambutol (Kappa value 0.02 for CC 10μg/ml, 0.07 for CC 5μg/ml). Conclusions: MODS+ assay is a cost-effective option for the diagnosis of TB and MDR/XDRTB, specially, in low resource settings with high TB incidence. Further operational research using lower CC’s, results read on different days and placed in settings with high and low TB and MDR/XDRTB burden could offer better sensitivities and wider applicability of results.

Abstract: The central aim of this research is to scrutinize the liability regime associated with environmental harm resulting from mining activities in the Area. The thesis endeavors to identify and analyze the gaps in the existing legal framework, particularly under UNCLOS. It questions whether the current standards, which are predominantly based on negligence, are sufficient for safeguarding the ecological integrity of this vital global common. The research is driven by the pressing need for an effective legal regime that aligns with the CHM principle and adequately protects the marine environment from the risks of deep-sea mining. Resumen: El objetivo central de esta investigación es examinar el régimen de responsabilidad asociado con el daño ambiental resultante de las actividades mineras en la Zona. La tesis se esfuerza por identificar y analizar las lagunas en el marco legal existente, especialmente bajo la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (UNCLOS). Se cuestiona si las normas actuales, que se basan predominantemente en la negligencia, son suficientes para salvaguardar la integridad ecológica de este vital bien común global. La investigación se impulsa por la apremiante necesidad de un régimen legal efectivo que se alinee con el principio del Patrimonio Común de la Humanidad (CHM) y proteja adecuadamente el medio ambiente marino de los riesgos de la minería en el lecho marino profundo.

Abstract: The following document is a proposal to enhance and improve the way in which the Colombian craft sector exposes and sells its products, through a unified platform in which stories, craftsmen, creative professionals, and products converge in a dynamic and simplified way. Here they may show the modern, fresh, high aesthetic and professional face of the Colombian craft sector, always having as a horizon the new global dynamics of digitalization and virtualization of everyday life. In this process, the Association Artesanías de Colombia is taken as the main reference, being the main channel that groups and manages the national artisan activity, the platform is formulated as the future tool for the management of the artisan sector. Facing problems that the artisans manifest, punctually the lack of visibility and participation in new markets, the physical limitations that they have to exhibit and sell their products, followed by the low participation in exhibitions and fairs. In order to face these inconveniences, which overwhelm Colombian artisans on a daily basis, the document begins by reviewing the artisan sector as such, identifying its principles and values. This is followed by the evaluation of initiatives and programs that have been and are still in place, focusing on the digital development of the sector, and reviewing interesting national and international case studies of collaborations between the artisan sector and the creative industries, highlighting the importance of these joint ventures for obtaining results that combine contemporaneity with tradition. Finally, the thesis closes with a proposal for the design of a system that simplifies the essential components of the craft sector, enhancing the relationship between craftsman and designer, giving special emphasis to the way in which products are displayed digitally using 3d scanner methods, thus raising the level and homogeneity of the platform. Link to the website prototype: https://www.figma.com/proto/zpEVy5JmhPjY7lfvWqjFMB/Artesanias?node-id=1-6&scaling=minzoom&page-id=0%3A1&starting-point-node-id=1%3A6

Abstract: What some practitioners coyly called Industrial Revolution 4.0 some years ago is now a reality, and it is drastically changing the way businesses are done in many industries worldwide. The European Union is no exception. Despite being a powerful region, but with conservative, traditional industries, many of these have found it necessary to implement changes in their business models to survive the digital changes. Therefore, the European Commission has prioritized the digital development of the region and the growth of all industries leveraged on the information technologies that can have the most significant impact. As the literature indicates, business models and competitive advantage are complex systems that require essential elements to function synchronously and thus generate value. Hence, cutting-edge technologies play a unique role because they become elements that transform markets and complement the current capabilities of industries and take them to a new stage of development. Therefore, it is essential to know how the adoption of different technologies is related to the economic growth of industries, which technologies generate the most value, and what is needed to drive this growth. This study makes a theoretical review of the impact of ICTs on the European economy, the actions that the European Commission has taken to promote the digital transformation. Finally, it exposes which technologies indeed positively correlate with industries' added value.

Resumen: La tesis busca indagar acerca de la implementación de medidas no pecuniarias en el ámbito del derecho de la responsabilidad civil extracontractual, como parte del derecho privado. En ese orden, se enfoca en proveer una justificación ante lo que puede ser su aplicación después de causado el daño y antes. Así, el trabajo analiza las medidas consistentes en la restitución, rehabilitación, satisfacción y las garantías de no repetición, y ofrece una interpretación de ellas que permita su implementación en el derecho privado. Así mismo, en la segunda parte se analizan las medidas preventivas que se pueden implementar antes del daño y se presenta una posible justificación de ellas en el ámbito de la responsabilidad civil. Abstract: The thesis seeks to inquire about the implementation of non-pecuniary measures in the field of tort law, as part of private law. In that order, it focuses on providing a justification for what its application may be after causing the harm and before. Thus, the work analyzes the measures consisting of restitution, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of nonrepetition, and offers an interpretation of them that allows their implementation in private law. Likewise, in the second part, the preventive measures that can be implemented before the harm occurs are analyzed and a possible justification for them in the field of civil liability is exposed.

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study is to understand the role performed and the challenges faced by emergent groups and spontaneous volunteers during the response of Covid-19 emergency. Moreover, this study seeks to examine if structural social capital wealth is related or no with spontaneous volunteerism during Covid-19 outbreak. To be able to assess and compare if the variation between bonding, bridging and linking social networks from place to place impact volunteers´ management the study will be conducted in United Kingdom and Colombia. Design/methodology/approach: This study comprises of qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken alongside an online survey with volunteers in Colombia and United Kingdom and online interview. Analyze survey results: Descriptive statistics, t-test and data visualization and qualitative data analysis were implemented to. Findings: Spontaneous volunteerism during Covid-19 was not relate with structural social capital wealth. A centralized management and communication sharing can improve emergency response and volunteers' performance. The more common volunteering activity was food distribution and the biggest challenge was fear of contagion. Practical implications: The author provide insights to improve spontaneous emergency response in the future. In addition, present the excellent opportunity that official organizations are facing to formally work and train spontaneous volunteers. Originality/value: The author introduces a different of social capital and volunteering relationship. Additionally, offer suggestions to improve volunteers´ management from the strengthening of structural social capital.

Abstract: The idea for this project comes from the experiences I have acquired in different areas of musical practice. Colombian folk music is so extraordinarily rich that it is inevitable for any Colombian musician to be influenced by the local musical traditions. A clarinetist would not be the exception, considering the crucial role of the clarinet in many regional musical genres. My early experiences in traditional music led me to develop an interest in clarinet performance practice and the academic and technical study of the instrument, together with the study of the Western traditions and repertoire, the exploration of contemporary musical resources, and orchestral practice. Another important aspect that inspired this project is the practice of instrumental teaching. The experience of creating methodologies to overcome different technical aspects in performance practice reveals the lack of pedagogical material for approaching particular styles of music, in this case, Colombian traditional music. Additionally, the use of the rhythmic and melodic elements of Latin American music into the technical instrumental practice can be particularly useful for any player who is interest in exploring new sounds and resources into his or her personal practice. The Characteristic Etudes included in this document are a collection of etudes for clarinet carefully designed to add a new dimension of technical challenge for the player while using elements from the traditional Colombian musical genres. The idea is to capture in each etude the specific characteristics and challenges of each genre, while expanding the player’s performance capabilities. It is important to clarify that for this project I have used only four Colombian musical genres, although there are dozens of different genres in the country. The construction of these etudes relies on the intention of portraying the diversity and richness of these musical models while emphasizing specific characteristic features and elements that can be used for pedagogical purposes. The wide range of Colombian musical traditions is reflected in the different problematics that appear in every region and their specific cultural practices. For each geographical region into which Colombia is divided, we can find dozens of folk musical styles with particular instrumental, rhythmical, harmonic, and melodic components. The origins and roles of traditional music in the communities are also different and representative of each region. While traditional music in the Andean region has elements originating in the Spanish and Amerindian traditions, the music in the Pacific region is marked by African culture and the musical manifestations based on oral traditions. The vast diversity in Colombian traditional music is a formidable compositional source. The use of these elements in the creation of the Characteristic Etudes is not just an effort to preserve the identity and richness of the music, but it also fulfills the need of finding musical problems that affect the performance practice. In my time as clarinetist and pedagogue in Colombia, I have found in many traditional music players the genuine need for pedagogical material that is focused on their particular needs and challenges, not just because of its educational benefits, but also because of the evolution and development of this music. In the same way, clarinetists with academic and technical training also find difficulties approaching the traditional genres and its particular rhythmic complexities and harmonic, melodic and improvisational traits. Looking for solutions to these issues is what inspired the creation of the characteristic etudes. Their purpose is to bring the clarinet students closer to some of the most representative genres of the Colombian traditional music and contribute to the pedagogical sources of instrumental study while using the attractive elements of Latin music.

Abstract: In the past, when power systems did not incorporate a considerable amount of distributed generation units, the almost passive behavior of the distribution networks could be reasonably represented by static load models (e.g., the exponential model), because they had relatively little impact on power system stability. Therefore, from a transmission perspective, the distribution systems could be seen as an aggregated load for bulk power system stability studies. However, in modern systems, the impact of distributed generation units can no longer be neglected. The static models cannot represent the dynamics of the active distributed networks, which are now increasingly spread across power systems. However, modeling active distribution networks in detail is not feasible due to information exchange restrictions between transmission and distribution system operators, in addition to the great computational effort that it would take. This thesis proposes an alternative black-box, simulation-based methodology to identify dynamic equivalents of active distribution networks focused on long-term voltage stability studies for bulk power systems. The methodology is based on model identification techniques and Hammerstein-Wiener models. The approach depends only on variables measured at the boundary buses, which prevents the need to have previous knowledge about the system, as is the case with greybox models. Furthermore, to avoid heavy-duty nonlinear model techniques, such as artificial neural networks, which are challenging to implement and use in a rather conservative sector such as power systems planning and operation, the proposed methodology keeps a transparent relationship to linear systems. The results and conclusions are derived from time-domain simulations on the IEEE test system for voltage stability assessment, the Nordic test system. It is concluded that the dynamic equivalents are able to reproduce accurately the nonlinear behavior of the active distribution networks. Resumen: En el pasado, cuando los sistemas de energía no incorporaban una cantidad considerable de unidades de generación distribuida, el comportamiento casi pasivo de las redes de distribución podía representarse razonablemente mediante modelos de carga estática (por ejemplo, el modelo exponencial), porque tenían un impacto relativamente pequeño en la energía. estabilidad del sistema. Por lo tanto, desde una perspectiva de transmisión, los sistemas de distribución podrían verse como una carga agregada para los estudios de estabilidad del sistema de energía a granel. Sin embargo, en los sistemas modernos, el impacto de las unidades de generación distribuida ya no puede pasarse por alto. Los modelos estáticos no pueden representar la dinámica de las redes distribuidas activas, que ahora se distribuyen cada vez más en los sistemas de energía. Sin embargo, modelar las redes de distribución activas en detalle no es factible debido a las restricciones de intercambio de información entre los operadores de los sistemas de transmisión y distribución, además del gran esfuerzo computacional que requeriría. Esta tesis propone una metodología alternativa basada en simulación de caja negra para identificar equivalentes dinámicos de redes de distribución activas enfocadas en estudios de estabilidad de voltaje a largo plazo para sistemas de energía a granel. La metodología se basa en técnicas de identificación de modelos y modelos de Hammerstein-Wiener. El enfoque depende únicamente de las variables medidas en los buses delimitadores, lo que evita la necesidad de tener conocimientos previos sobre el sistema, como es el caso de los modelos de caja gris. Los resultados y las conclusiones se derivan de simulaciones en el dominio del tiempo en el sistema de prueba IEEE para la evaluación de la estabilidad de voltaje, el sistema de prueba nórdico.

Resumen: The trail to Teyuna: Restoring human ties through landscape and architecture solutions. En español traducida como "El camino a Teyuna: Restaurando los lazos humanos a través de soluciones arquitectónicas y del paisaje", es una tesis que busca replantear la posición de la arquitectura y el paisaje en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a lo largo del camino que lleva hasta la ciudad ancestral Teyuna, desde el pueblo El Mamey". Desde el inicio de la colonización europea, liderada por el reino de Español, la identidad del lugar ha estado en riesgo. La arquitectura invasiva y los cambios radicales en el paisaje son testigos de los procesos invasivos. Por ende, se propone un lenguaje arquitectónico y paisajístico inclusivo, encadenado con propuestas sostenibles, sustentables, y Nature based solutions (soluciones basadas en la naturaleza) que buscan combatir los procesos degenerativos en el ozono por parte de la deforestación y la construcción inadecuada de infraestructura turística en el territorio sagrado de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. El contexto del camino a Teyuna, es bastante complejo en todos los ámbitos. Es por ello que es el perfecto ejemplo de cómo realizar intervenciones paisajísticas y arquitectónicas en áreas de alto riesgo en Colombia (y cualquier otra nación en guerra). Pues su destinación turística con fin de promover el pensamiento ancestral de los Tayronas, otorgan al área de una identidad particular de la cual hemos sido negados como colombianos debido a la guerra. Generalmente en los proyectos turísticos, el énfasis es en mostrar al turista un objeto. Sin embargo en este caso, se busca que el turista se inmerja dentro de la cultura de los cuatro pueblos de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, aprenda de ellos y tome una posición. Mientras todo el funcionamiento interno del proyecto busca restaurar los lazos sociales dentro de los diferentes grupos sociales, buscando generar espacios de paz a largo plazo. Finalmente, por medio de un paisaje que acoge a todo quien quiere ser parte de él y le da un rol en una sociedad, se propone un modelo social enfocado en generar paz. Sin embargo, el autor es consciente que estos son métodos teóricos y que el reterritorializar un lugar después de tantos eventos de guerra puede llegar a ser utópico, es por ello que esta tesis busca abrir la ventana a un futuro mejor en Colombia. Donde la luz que nos deja, es la esperanza de abrir nuevos espacios de investigación en promoción de la paz y equidad en nuestro amado territorio.