The complexity and human suffering caused by trafficking in persons, the difficulties that victims face, and the challenges for the State to overcome in order to prevent and assist victims is immense. Therefore, it is important to consider that offering effective remedies to the victims contributes to the recognition of their dignity, the guarantee of their fundamental rights as human beings and prevents the occurrence of new cases. Hence, this paper aims to analyze the remedies available under Colombian legislation for victims of trafficking in persons. It will focus on determining the compliance of Colombian legislation to the Principles on the Right to Effective Remedy for Victims of Trafficking in Persons -A/HRC/26/18. For doing that, first, this paper will describe the anti-trafficking legal framework that is currently in place. Next it will analyze the definition of trafficking in persons provided in Colombian law. Third, it will examine the legislation compliance with the Principles and underline the main obstacles for implementing the legal framework. Lastly, it will present some conclusions. La complejidad y el sufrimiento humano causado por la trata de personas, las dificultades que enfrentan las víctimas y los desafíos que debe superar el Estado para prevenir y ayudar a las víctimas son inmensos. Por lo tanto, es importante considerar que ofrecer remedios efectivos a las víctimas contribuye al reconocimiento de su dignidad, la garantía de sus derechos fundamentales como seres humanos y previene la ocurrencia de nuevos casos. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los recursos disponibles en la legislación colombiana para las víctimas de la trata de personas. Se centrará en determinar el cumplimiento de la legislación colombiana de los Principios sobre el derecho a un recurso efectivo para las víctimas de la trata de personas -A / HRC / 26/18. Para este fin, primero, este documento describirá el marco legal contra la trata de personas vigente en la actualidad. Segundo, analizará la definición de trata de personas prevista en la ley colombiana. En tercer lugar, examinará el cumplimiento de la legislación con los Principios y subrayará los principales obstáculos para la implementación del marco legal. Por último, presentará algunas conclusiones.

Los acuerdos de participación conjunta en licitaciones (JBAs por sus siglas en inglés) y los acuerdos de áreas de mutuo interés (AMIs) son comúnmente utilizados en la industria petrolera. Estos acuerdos incluyen cláusulas que limitan el derecho a competir entre las partes con el fin de garantizar que las firmas que comparten información confidencial, know how, tecnología y capital para desarrollar proyectos de exploración y explotación conjunta recibirán la porción correspondiente de los beneficios acordados. Este tipo de acuerdos de colaboración entre competidores le permite a las firmas compartir la exposición al riesgo, alcanzar sinergias y participar en esta industria intensiva en capital. Sin embargo, la pregunta que permanece abierta es cómo determinar si cláusulas que incorporan compromisos de licitar conjuntamente, que se incluyen en los JBAs y los AMIs, son ilegales a la luz del régimen de competencia de los Estados Unidos y si son proclives a ser investigadas por las autoridades de competencia de este país. Debidamente interpretado, el caso SGI Interest del Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos arroja luces sobre la cuestión de la siguiente manera: Las cláusulas que incorporan compromisos de licitar conjuntamente, que son parte de un acuerdo de colaboración más amplio que contempla la realización de actividades mancomunadas de producción, no son ilegales pe se y tampoco son proclives a ser investigadas por esta autoridad de competencia. Joint Bidding Agreements (“JBAs”) and Area of Mutual Interest Agreements (“AMI Agreements”) are commonly used in the oil and gas industry. These agreements include provisions that condition the right to compete so as to guarantee that companies pooling confidential information, know how, technology and capital for pursuing petroleum exploration and production projects will receive the agreed portion of the benefits. These kinds of competitor collaboration enable companies to share exposure to risk, accrue synergies and participate in this capital intensive industry. However, the question that remains open is how to determine whether joint bidding provisions, commonly included in agreements such as JBAs and AMI, are unlawful under US antitrust regulations and whether they are likely to be challenged by the US antitrust authorities. Properly interpreted, the SGI Interests’ case issued by the US Department of Justice sheds light on the matter as follows: joint bidding provisions, which are part of broad collaborations that contemplate subsequent joint productive activity, are neither per se unlawful nor likely to be challenged by this authority.

The Latin American population in Sweden has been increasing, and Colombians accounted for 17-24 % of the total migrant population in the last 5 years. In migration, acculturation is a process where individual changes take place as a result of contact with other culturally dissimilar people, which is known by influencing positively or negatively the health status of immigrants. Different studies have examined migration and health status, health access and barriers of consultation. However, there is a lack of information regarding immigrants’ attitudes towards health services and the influence on health-seeking behaviors. The aim was to explore the attitudes and experiences that Colombian immigrants had in their first interaction with the primary healthcare center (Vårdcentral). More specifically, it sought to explore differences or similarities in the attitudes and experiences of the Swedish healthcare system compared those from Colombia. Consequently, eight semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with Colombian immigrants living in the south of Sweden using a snowball-sampling technique. A qualitative manifest and a latent content analysis were used for the analysis and interpretation of results. Three themes emerged from the analysis: ‘The language: playing the same game’, referred to the relevance of language providing autonomy and connecting with the new context. ‘The Swedish healthcare system: The disillusion when starting over’, referred to the contrasting perceptions of immigrants in their first interaction with the Vårdcentral, indicating a shock that made them change their health-seeking behaviors. ‘Acculturation is like going on a long pathway’: described the transition of personal thoughts and actions with the healthcare system, which constituted steps in the process of adapting to the Swedish Culture. Acculturation is a complex process that includes encounters with the healthcare system. Interventions, in healthcare, that facilitate immigrants to better adjust to a new society are required in order to ensure the acceptation of attitudes and practices leading to gains in health and well-being.

The investigations of the parameter's analysis are used for the design, construction and qualification of standardized evaluations show that this allows to establish the quality and compliance of the objectives of the evaluation programs based on the quantification of the parameters and a subsequent analysis of the results, in the same way, in analysis of evaluative programs, leads to these improve their processes and in this way fulfill their function and educational objectives. For this reason, it is convenient to ask how the mixed analysis of items of the Martes de Prueba evaluation program can contribute to the improvement of its design and construction processes? To answer this question, a mixed analysis was carried out on the items of the Martes de Prueba® evaluation program regarding the parameters of difficulty and discrimination.

This research is focused in the teaching of cognitive and metacognitive Reading strategies, in order to contribute in de development of reading comprehension. The intervention took place in the Cambridge International School located in the municipality of La Calera, with Seventh Grade students. The principal difficulties presented in this specific researched group, were the low reading comprehension and appropriation of new reading strategies, those were evident in the low scores of the different standardized texts applied by the Institution. For this reason, Isabel Sole, Juana Pinzas, Cassany, Santiago, Castillo y Mateus among other authors were referred. As a possible solution, it is necessary to implement a transversal curriculum, taking into account the scholar level, so it will permit the tuition of cognitive and metacognitive strategies in the different disciplinary areas and so them would be totally diploid. In conclusion, the implementation of cognitive and metacognitive strategies suit the reading comprehension processes, because it permits the student to be conscious about his reading process, but it must be modeled by teachers and be taught through the academic life of a student.

El presente documento de tesis es una investigación de tipo documental cuyo objetivo fue categorizar los hallazgos y las perspectivas de investigación en el campo de las habilidades necesarias y los contextos facilitadores para el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura en niños en etapa pre-escolar. Se plantea la importancia del tema en el campo pedagógico, debido a que la consolidación de la lectoescritura subyace a otros procesos de aprendizaje escolar. Se describen algunas perspectivas teóricas que han abordado e! tema desde diferentes nociones sobre el desarrollo infantil. Los resultados de la revisión se presentan y discuten en diferentes categorías de análisis, para luego proponer una reflexión integradora y critica de los mismos.

This study showed how worksheets based on vocabulary learning strategies contributed to the development of fourth grade students’ writing. This study was conducted in a public, rural school with fifteen students in Cajicá, Colombia. The data gathering instruments were field notes, students’ artifacts and tests. The study followed the qualitative approach and was developed under the action research methodology. The findings indicated that the design of worksheets based on vocabulary strategies made students feel motivated not only to learn new words, but also to understand the strategies that allowed them to start the process of writing. Moreover, the writing strategies were a successful approach for students because they learned how to write simple sentences. Also, using the models provided they could write simple paragraphs. Finally, all of these activities allowed students to improve their performance. This study helped learners feel motivated to learn faster and encouraged them to understand the importance of the use of vocabulary, to learn new strategies and to value meaningful writing feedback.

Imaginar el pasado a través de la arquitectura, es una propuesta didáctica que busca revitalizar el sentido de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la historia a través del uso de la imagen de las edificaciones, motivando al estudiante a identificar las características estilísticas y de los materiales que posee la construcción, para ubicarlo dentro de un contexto cronológico y anecdótico, procurando ambientar el quehacer histórico y en particular, de una época estudiada con el referente objeto de estudio. A partir de esta propuesta, y durante la etapa de aplicación de los instrumentos de investigación, se percibió cómo los estudiantes asimilaban y asociaban las edificaciones, los espacios urbanos y los estilos arquitectónicos, con la Historia de Colombia.