In this paper the subject of documentary in digital times is studied in three chapters that aim to explore these main different angles: 1. The angle of documentary production, with the revision of some study cases; 2. The angle of the main supporting and funding agencies – European centred- that allow creators to fund their projects and; 3. The angle of the exhibition and distribution system, that´s been transformed today by the multiple online distribution platforms. The first chapter develops an overview of the film industry and the documentary box office in the UK and then takes a look on the access to audio-visual technology and the way this influences professional creators and amateurs today. The attempt is to link the ease of use of technology with contents that make the documentaries meaningful in current times, by using some examples that relate documentary to activism, art, politics and education. The second chapter focuses on the revision of three main funding sources –MEDIA at the European level and the British Film Institute and BRITDOC at the British level- which influence the dynamics of documentary filmmaking today enabling resources to be delivered under specific frameworks and supporting the development of connections with stakeholders that become partners and allies of the documentaries with common grounds of work, particular contexts and themes. The third chapter takes a closer look on the exhibition and distribution business structure and platforms to find a universe of possibilities where the future of audio-visual narratives still to be defined, but where certainly documentary has found a way to reach audiences and stand as a powerful medium of transformation.

This paper develops a common agency problem using a two stages menu auction game to show how pressure groups can aid in deciding how much public good should be provided. By sorting people into different pressure groups that represent the individuals’ preferences for the public good, the interaction among the pressure groups is an important element that could improve the provision of public goods. This paper sketches a very simple mechanism to provide a general contribution to finance a public good. In this model, the presence of pressure groups improves the undersupply of public goods typical in voluntary contribution models, while avoiding the distortionary effects of non-lump-sum transfers of the involuntary contributions models.

Desde una perspectiva feminista y de género, el presente trabajo es el resultado de una investigación documental, con carácter panorámico y exploratorio de los diálogos teóricos y prácticos entre el feminismo y los estudios de género y las artes plásticas y visuales haciendo énfasis en la crítica feminista de arte, para la construcción de una herramienta didáctica para el análisis de obras de arte y otros productos visuales, para estudiantes universitarios de diseño gráfico de la ciudad de Bogotá.

The following monographic development seeks to intertwine the theoretical contributions and personal experiences of a professional nature associated with Informal City, Population Resettlement and Social Construction of the Territory, intending to establish a starting point for the implementation of a future research project called: Social construction of a territory before and after the involuntary resettlement. Case study of a resident community in the Mirador neighborhood of Ciudad Bolivar, resettled by the public works TransMiCable. You will find a historical contextualization about how the informal city originates in Colombia, reaching particularities of the city of Bogota, where the premise of: informality is not illegality. In parallel, the population resettlement is addressed in its conception, methodological development and reference located in the case of the TransMiCable of Ciudad Bolfvar, where a community had to move from a point of origin endowed with identity, effort and history, to a new place , in which today they must rebuild more than walls and foundations: their livelihoods, habitat and significance of the territory. To close I expose my investigative bet derived from this monographic work.

"The dissertation is an analytical review of the available literature on marine protected areas (MPAs) to propose some governance, and spatial management mechanisms in the Colombian CaribbeanAbstract: The family Culicidae contains approximately 3,500 species of mosquitoes distributed over a diverse range of habitats around the world. Mosquito identification has been traditionally conducted with morphological features; however, the development of molecular techniques, such as DNA-barcoding, provides opportunities for gaining higher resolution in species determination. Colombia, one of the world's megadiverse countries, has a highly diverse mosquito fauna and a high prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases. In order to provide relevant information about the diversity and taxonomy of mosquito species in Colombia, this research tests the usefulness of combining adult morphology and barcode sequences to identify and describe mosquito species collected over different gradients in the Departments of Antioquia and Caldas. A total of 22 different mosquito species from eight genera were identified. One of the species, Wyeomyia luteoventralis, is the first record for Colombia. A total of 77 barcode sequences were generated with 16 species submitted as new records for public databases. These sequences were compared with the identification systems of existing DNA barcode databases (BOLD and GenBank through BLAST), to evaluate performance to discriminate mosquito specimens. We also validated the usefulness of DNA barcodes across a greater geographical area by compiling 1,292 sequences of mosquito species listed for the Neotropics and using two tree-based methods (neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood). Both methodologies provided similar results by showing 105 of 133 total species of mosquitoes separated into distinct clusters. Additionally, to provide the most up-to-date list of mosquito species for Colombia, a systematic review was complied which includes 329 species from 28 genera. This work shows the importance of combining and integrating methodologies to accurately identify diversity of mosquitoes. Resumen: La familia Culicidae contiene aproximadamente 3.500 especies de mosquitos distribuidas en una amplia gama de hábitats en todo el mundo. Tradicionalmente, la identificación de mosquitos se ha llevado a cabo con características morfológicas; sin embargo, el desarrollo de técnicas moleculares, como los códigos de barras de ADN, brinda la oportunidad de obtener una mayor resolución en la determinación de especies. Colombia, uno de los países megadiversos del mundo, tiene una diversa fauna de mosquitos y una alta prevalencia de enfermedades transmitidas por mosquitos. Con el fin de proporcionar información relevante sobre la diversidad y taxonomía de las especies de mosquitos en Colombia, esta investigación prueba la utilidad de combinar la morfología adulta y las secuencias de códigos de barras para identificar y describir las especies de mosquitos recolectados en diferentes gradientes en los departamentos de Antioquia y Caldas. En total, se identificaron 22 especies diferentes de mosquitos de ocho géneros. Una de las especies, Wyeomyia luteoventralis, es el primer registro para Colombia. Se generaron un total de 77 secuencias de códigos de barras con 16 especies presentadas como nuevos registros para bases de datos públicas. Estas secuencias se compararon con los sistemas de identificación de las bases de datos de códigos de barras de ADN existentes (BOLD y GenBank a través de BLAST), para evaluar el rendimiento para discriminar especímenes de mosquitos. También validamos la utilidad de los códigos de barras de ADN en un área geográfica mayor al compilar 1.292 secuencias de especies de mosquitos reportadas para el neotrópico y el uso de dos métodos basados en árboles (NJ y ML). Ambas metodologías proporcionaron resultados similares al mostrar 105 de 133 especies de mosquitos separadas en grupos distintos. Además, para proporcionar la lista más actualizada de especies de mosquitos para Colombia, se cumplió una revisión sistemática que incluye 329 especies de 28 géneros. Este trabajo muestra la importancia de combinar e integrar metodologías para identificar con precisión la diversidad de mosquitos. Sea, particularly in the Seaflower MPA. The Seaflower MPA is facing several challenges regarding political issues of boundary disputes and also adverse impacts on the marine environment from the increase in shipping activities. This is largely due to the expansion of the Panama Canal and the possible Nicaragua Canal, which is increasing the maritime traffic of international shipping to almost double that of today. In addition, the increase in seabed activities is also a threat to the ecosystems within it. This research describes the Colombian framework of MPAs, and it also shows the issues that face the Seaflower MPA today. The aim is to propose and to recommend some governance and management measures based on the ecosystem-based approach to establish a transboundary agreement keeping the integrity of the MPA and giving regional relevance for the protection of the unique ecosystems. Furthermore, to address the issues of negative impacts from shipping, some protective measures have to be taken to protect the ecosystems and safe navigation guaranteeing long-term sustainable development. "

Abstract: The extraction of natural resources has been one of the main sources of income and economic development in Colombia in the last twenty years. Such activity has been developed in a territory characterized by a pre-existing armed conflict that has lasted for more than five decades. This complex situation has accentuated violent struggles concerning the control and access to natural resources, which in turn has become the main source of income and a strategic priority for all Colombia´s armed groups, including the military and external actors such as international private security companies. By drawing on a historically situated dialectical analysis of structure-agency this research highlights the lacunas of scholarly treatment on the issue and addresses the question of to what extent resource extraction should be understood as a mean for economic development and mitigation of armed conflicto or whether it configures the production and reproduction of violence in Colombia. This study argues that the extraction of natural resources in a geographical territory characterized by a pre-existing armed conflict, specifically the Colombian case, contributes to the maintenance of the internal warfare. The argument will be illustrated by situating the contextual background of the case, examining the theories that explain the relationship between natural resource extraction and armed conflict, and presenting an analysis of historical structures and social action over time elucidating the role of natural resources in the production and reproduction of violence. Resumen: La extracción de recursos naturales ha sido una de las principales fuentes de ingresos y desarrollo económico en Colombia durante los últimos veinte años. El extractivismo se desarrolló en un territorio caracterizado por la existencia de un conflicto armado, que ha durado más de cinco décadas. Esta situación compleja ha acentuado las luchas violentas relacionadas con el control y acceso a los recursos naturales, que a su vez se ha convertido en la principal fuente de ingresos y una prioridad estratégica para todos los grupos armados de Colombia, incluidas las Fuerzas Armadas y actores externos como las empresas internacionales de seguridad privada. A través de un análisis dialéctico de estructura y agencia, esta investigación destaca los vacíos del tratamiento académico sobre el tema y aborda la pregunta de hasta qué punto la extracción de recursos debe entenderse como un medio para el desarrollo económico y la mitigación del conflicto armado o si configura la producción y reproducción de la violencia en Colombia. Este estudio argumenta que la extracción de recursos naturales en un territorio caracterizado por el conflicto armado contribuye al mantenimiento de la guerra interna. El argumento se ilustrará a través del caso del extractivismo en Colombia, examinando las teorías que explican la relación entre la extracción de recursos naturales y el conflicto armado, y presentando un análisis de las estructuras históricas y la acción colectiva social a lo largo del tiempo dilucidando el papel de la extracción de recursos naturales en la producción y reproducción de la violencia.

La dispraxia verbal es un trastorno específico del lenguaje, que tiene como base una disfunción a nivel de la coordinación de los movimientos necesarios para la articulación de expresión oral como consecuencia de un déficit en la elaboración del plan fonológico en la selección y secuencia de fonemas para construir la forma sonora del lenguaje, unido a un déficit de la elaboración y ejecución del plan motor. La dispraxia verbal puede ser subdividida en dos grupos, relativos a la afectación o no de la comprensión del lenguaje. La correcta clasificación y orientación de la intervención de un niño con dispraxia verbal, requiere una precisa evaluación médica y psicopedagógica del niño. Para la evaluación del lenguaje es recomendable el uso de pruebas estandarizadas, permitiendo así poner de manifiesto los déficits respecto a la recepción y producción del lenguaje. La intervención en la dispraxia verbal exige un buen conocimiento acerca del funcionamiento del habla y del lenguaje y de los principios de aprendizaje motor y del desarrollo de la fonología, y requiere la aplicación de una combinación de acercamientos motrices, lingüísticos y cognitivos que permitan optimizar las habilidades de comunicación del niño. En la actualidad existen algunos acercamiento de intervención logopédica con los que se han tenido importantes mejorías en casos de dispraxia verbal, como lo son el PROMPT, el Programa de Dispraxia del Centro Nuffiel, y la Terapia Intensiva VEDiT. Para ejemplificar lo anterior, se presenta un caso clínico que ayuda a ilustrar la discusión teórica.

This research is based in the theorical and methodological model BIT-PASE, which provides a frame to understand complex phenomena such as climate change in local contexts using two main concepts: Tensions and territorial settings. BIT-PASE also implies multidisciplinary analysis and local communities participation to identify and comprehend dynamics and relationships involved in climate change and its impact in water avaliability, this being the first aplication of BIT-PASE to this topics of research in Tauramena, Casanare.

The auto-construction of dwellings in pirate urbanisations produces about 70% of low-income housing in Bogota. People with scarce resources, usually migrants from the countryside, opt to purchase an individual lot from a clandestine urbaniser that extra-legally subdivides terrains near the city boundaries. Ideally, in about 15 years span, self-builders progressively manage to construct a Casalote: a 3 to 4 storeys edifice, which provides them not only urban dwelling but also a considerable source of income. Casalotes progressively grow next to each other and eventually amalgamate into large, functional and vibrant urban pieces more or less integrated to the city's fabric. This work tries to trace the links between the emergence of informal urbanisations and the structure of the architectural-units generated along the process. It seeks to answer the question whether one can speak of architectural principles, actually determining the shape of "informal" buildings and urbanisations. It focuses on Bogota, a city that has incubated a systematic mode of land subdivision and edification outside the hegemonic planning system: Pirate urbanisation, or the process of emergence of informal urbanisations, and autoconstruction, or the edificatory product-means delivering actual housing solutions upon those urbanisations. The analysis comprehends three sections: (a) a discussion on the dipole "formal-informal". (b) A critical reading, at three different scales ("world", "cities", "Bogota"), of the legal, social, political, tectonic, and economic dimensions of the process. (c) A detailed description of a single Casalote and its neighbourhood in Bogota, observed between 2006 and 2012. This last section reconstructs the building as recounted by its inhabitants, in order to deconstruct it into its architectural components and, eventually, re-compose it in the form architectural principles.

Abstract: It is known that dispersal patterns and strategies can vary in distinct environments, and recent evidence suggest that phenotypic traits that are correlated with dispersal behavior (i.e., dispersal syndromes) also show context-dependent variation. Therefore, studies focused on single populations provide a limited insight into the effects of environmental variation on species dispersal behavior. Given its wide geographic distribution with populations occurring along ecologically differing localities, this study uses the Thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) as a study model to assess a potential interpopulation covariation between dispersal behavior and environmental conditions. Two contrasting environments were considered for this, including an isolated population in Fray Jorge National Park, north-central Chile, which represented a fragmented and densely populated environment with high levels of physiological stress, and an uncrowded population with lower stress levels in Navarino Island, southern Chile, which inhabits a relatively continuous environment. Combining capture-mark-recapture data (CMR), genetic analyses and behavioral experiments, it was observed that survival rates, local spatial dynamics, fine-scale genetic structure and the causes and consequences of natal and breeding dispersal predictably vary according to the environmental context. Natal dispersal in Navarino showed a random pattern and did not affected the physical condition or the breeding performance of dispersed females and males, which would be in accordance with the absence of sex-biased dispersal. On the contrary, natal dispersal in Fray Jorge was female-biased, with highly philopatric males conforming clusters of genetic relatives, probably due to the higher costs of dispersal. Breeding dispersal was far less frequent in both populations, but implied higher costs for birds in Fray Jorge, with an increase in mortality rates for those individuals frequently engaging in dispersal throughout their lives, and also a decrease of males’ breeding success. Dispersal syndromes also varied according to the environmental context, and a relationship between personality traits and breeding dispersal was observed only in Fray Jorge, which could have arisen as a strategy to reduce dispersal costs in this locality. Results from this study suggest that dispersal patterns, strategies and syndromes covary as a function of the local environment and are traits not necessarily shared between populations, highlighting the importance of the environmental context as a causal factor of dispersal behavior, as should occur with any life history trait. Resumen: Es sabido que los patrones y estrategias de dispersión de una especie pueden variar entre ambientes y evidencia reciente sugiere que rasgos fenotípicos de los individuos correlacionados con la conducta dispersiva (i.e., síndromes dispersivos) también varían en función del contexto ambiental. Es por ello que los estudios centrados en una sola población proveen una visión limitada de los efectos de variación ambiental sobre los patrones y los síndromes dispersivos en una especie. Debido a su rango geográfico extenso con poblaciones establecidas en áreas ecológicamente disímiles, este trabajo utiliza al rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) como modelo para evaluar una posible covariación inter-poblacional entre la conducta dispersiva y condiciones ambientales. Para ello, se consideró una población aislada en el Parque Nacional Fray Jorge, centro-norte de Chile, caracterizada por un ambiente fragmentado, densamente poblado y con altos niveles de estrés fisiológico, y una población menos densa y con menores niveles de estrés en isla Navarino, sur de Chile, la cual habita un ambiente relativamente continuo. Combinando datos de captura-marcaje-recaptura (CMR), análisis genéticos y experimentos conductuales, se determinó que la sobrevivencia, la dinámica espacial local, la estructura genética a fina escala y las causas y consecuencias de la dispersión natal y reproductiva varían de forma predecible de acuerdo al contexto ambiental. La dispersión natal en Navarino mostró un patrón aleatorio y no afectó la condición física o la reproducción de hembras y machos dispersantes, lo que explicaría la ausencia de diferencias en los patrones de dispersión entre sexos. Por el contrario, la dispersión natal en Fray Jorge exhibió un marcado sesgo hacia las hembras, con machos filopátricos que conformaron agrupaciones de individuos relativamente emparentados, probablemente debido a los altos costos asociados con dispersar. La dispersión reproductiva fue menos frecuente en ambas poblaciones, pero implicó mayores costos en Fray Jorge, con un incremento en la mortalidad de las aves que dispersaron con mayor frecuencia durante su vida, además de una disminución en el éxito reproductivo de los machos. Los síndromes dispersivos también variaron en función del contexto ambiental, observándose una relación entre rasgos de personalidad y dispersión reproductiva únicamente en Fray Jorge, lo que podría haber surgido como una estrategia para reducir los costos de la dispersión en dicha localidad. Los resultados de este estudio indican que los patrones, estrategias y síndromes de dispersión varían conjuntamente en función del ambiente local y no son características necesariamente compartidas entre poblaciones, resaltando la importancia del contexto ambiental en la determinación de la conducta dispersiva de los organismos, como ocurriría con cualquier rasgo de historia de vida.