This document makes an approximation to the way in which public problems are transformed for the formulation of public policies in Colombia, using as a case study the changes in models of attention to the victims of the armed conflict. The document presents a description of the functioning of Victims Public Policy, changes and normative adjustments, and how political situations open windows of opportunity, to generate changes in the public agenda of the governments that determine the transformations in public policies. Therefore, the document provides an analysis of the institutional changes in the areas of attention and reparation to victims, analyzing four milestones: Attention to the forced displaced victims, the processes of demobilization of armed groups outside the law, integral reparation to victims, and the truth, justice and reparation processes consigned in the Final Agreement for the termination of the conflict (Signed between the Government of Colombia and the Guerrilla of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC - EP). The implications of the promulgation and implementation of the latter, open a new window of opportunity for the Colombian State to find a mechanism to provide comprehensive reparation to the victims of the armed conflict.

This research makes an analysis of public policy of higher education in Colombia in the period 2006-2014 to better understand the role of leadership of the Ministry of National Education. After discussing the conceptual framework chosen, which is centered on the contributions made by studies on leadership, public policy and governance, a qualitative analysis methodology is used with an exploratory and interpretative approach to analyze the policy process on higher education in the studied period, as well as the application of interviews to representatives of the sectors involved, and the analysis of the corresponding normative framework. The institutional and leadership crises are evidenced in the process of conciliation of interests between the Ministry of National Education and the different actors of civil society resulting from the lack of adequate participation spaces where criteria are agreed to solve the problem presented.

El Sistema del Subsidio Familiar requiere un esquema de intervención en el sector rural a partir de la comprensión de las complejidades y limitaciones con las que cuentan sus principales operadores, las Cajas de compensación familiar, para la puesta en marcha de programas y servicios que mejoren las condiciones de vida de los potenciales beneficiarios en la ruralidad. Entre las principales limitaciones se encuentran los problemas estructurales del mercado de trabajo en la ruralidad, la baja cobertura en materia de afiliación con la que cuenta el Sistema del Subsidio Familiar en este sector, la ausencia de coordinación interinstitucional y las barreras institucionales para poner en marcha los programas y servicios sociales. El presente trabajo de investigación plantea un marco institucional del Sistema del Subsidio Familiar que contribuye a la atención de las necesidades de bienestar y protección social de la población y familias rurales.

Colombia viene adelantando distintas acciones de prevención con el fin de mitigar el fenómeno de consumo el cual se presenta con mayor frecuencia en la población joven. Sin embargo, los estudios que se han venido realizando frente a esta problemática que por el contrario el consumo va en aumento. La Policía Nacional viene implementando el "Programa de Educación para la Resistencia al Abuso y Uso de las Drogas" - D.A.R.E., un programa escolarizado de prevención universal que busca el desarrollo de habilidades generales para prevenir el consumo de todo tipo de drogas. El presente trabajo establecerá que si bien el programa D.A.R.E. busca prevenir el consumo de drogas, tal cual como está concebido conceptualmente no es suficiente, puesto que carece de elementos que permitan las transformaciones actitudinales necesarias en los jóvenes para que se logre disminuir de manera efectiva el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Por esto, se analizará el programa a la luz de Enfoque Integral, el cual permitirá evidenciar todas las dimensiones que se deben tener en cuenta a la hora de buscar el desarrollo de habilidades en la toma de decisiones frente al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y así propiciar la inclusión de nuevos enfoques en las Políticas Públicas.

La falta de un marco eficaz de lineamientos que coordine y articule las políticas, programas y proyectos de la Cooperación Internacional, con las prioridades de desarrollo local del gobierno departamental del Meta, genera fragmentación y dispersión de las acciones y lleva a que la ayuda internacional no opere satisfactoriamente. Además, conlleva a que se frustren procesos con poblaciones involucradas y se debilite la cohesión institucional. Actualmente, el país enfrenta importantes retos que requieren del apoyo de los cooperantes y de acciones gubernamentales coordinadas de manera acertada que sienten las bases de un país en paz. Los nuevos desafíos del país implican coordinar las agendas con énfasis en lo territorial, ante la necesidad de priorizar las necesidades locales en la superación de los conflictos territoriales, el ejercicio de las políticas públicas y la toma de decisiones. En esta investigación se proponen lineamientos de política orientados a la coordinación interinstitucional entre la gobernación del Meta y la Cooperación Internacional encaminados a la construcción de paz territorial en aspectos estratégicos, programáticos y funcionales. El periodo del estudio comprende del 2006 hasta mediados de 2016. La investigación es pertinente y oportuna a los retos que enfrentan los territorios en la construcción de paz.

Through the time people with a condition of disability have defended the assurance and advocacy of their rights ahead of international organizations and national governments in order to have better mobility and a decent access to the public transportation. A research was developed which contains a theoretical and normative framework that pursues to get closer to the mobility situation and access to the public transportation of people with condition of disability in Armenia city. To do this, it was taken into account as major inputs the international agreements, national and local policies related to the mobility and disability with a view to identify the main gaps that affect this community and that limit the guarantee of their rights. To conclude, taking into account the responses from the interviewers, the revision oriented from the theoretical, normative and the evidenced gaps, there is a disarticulation in the public policy of transportation Ciudades Amables that affects negatively people with a condition of disability in Armenia City; that is why it is important to reinforce the governability in the territories and keep a track of the public policies in order to reach an articulation between the national and the territories , thus permitting a greater wellness and access to the rights on part of the ones who are in this condition.

This thesis presents a case study of the role of strategic communication in the construction of a unified government message by the Mayor's Office of the city of Cali, Colombia. This work applies the constructivist approach and is based on a theoretical framework around concepts such as Strategic Communication, Government Communication and Centers of Government (CoG). The analysis supports the conclusion that the Cali CoG (in this case the Office of the Secretary of Government) is an ideal space for the construction of unified government messages. Furthermore, it identifies the distinctive features of strategic communication in the CoG and the proper mechanisms for the construction of government messages. lt shows how, at the beginning of the Administration, the Cali CoG over-emphasized the informative aspect in its communication. However, it gradually moved to implement a strategic logic, highlighting the importance of both the informational aspect and the positioning aspect of government communication. Finally, this paper recommends the study and application of strategic communication as a public management tool for CoGs to contribute to greater effectiveness in government.

Abstract: O N. oleander é uma planta com ampla distribuição mundial, principalmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Esses arbustos são frequentemente usados como plantas ornamentais e possuem mais de 30 glicosídeos cardíacos, causadores do quadro clínico de intoxicação em caninos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações clínicas, eletrocardiográficas, bioquímicas, hematológicas e histológicas do rim e avaliar o efeito do uso da frutose 1,6 difosfato e da glicose como alternativas de tratamento em cães intoxicados com 0,25g/Kg de folhas frescas trituradas e adicionadas à ração em única dose. Foram utilizados 10 cães adultos, hígidos, sem raça definida, com 10 a 25Kg de peso, de 4 a 8 anos de idade. Foram distribuídos em dois grupos (Gl e Gll) com 5 animais cada. Para o Gl o tratamento consistiu na administração de uma solução a 10 % de glicose a 50mg/Kg via intravenosa (IV) e em seguida uma infusão continua a 10% de glicose IV por uma hora a 10ml/kg e Gll recebeu frutose 1,6 difosfato, IV a 50mg/Kg, e em seguida uma infusão a 10% da mesma solução, durante uma hora a 10ml/kg. Nenhum dos animais do experimento veio a óbito e todos apresentaram sinais após a intoxicação como: vômito, sialorréia, náuseas, apatia, conjuntiva ocular congesta, desidratação, dor abdominal, tremores, diarréia, inapetência e tenesmo. Observou-se elevação principalmente da GGTU, CK e CKMB. Pela análise do eletrocardiograma encontrou-se arritmias como: bradicardia sinusal, bloqueios atrioventriculares de segundo grau, taquicardia ventricular paroxística e complexos ventriculares prematuros. Na histopatologia não se encontrou alterações no rim. Não observou-se diferença significativa entre tratamentos e na parte clínica houve melhora para Gll observada no consumo de alimento. Conclui-se com o presente estudo que animais intoxicados com 0,25g/Kg de folhas verdes de N. oleander em única dose, causa sinais clínicos, alterações laboratoriais e mudanças no traçado do eletrocardiograma. E o uso da frutose 1,6 difosfato e da glicose tiveram um comportamento similar para as variáveis estudadas durante o tempo experimental. Resumen: N oleander es una planta con amplia distribución mundial, principalmente en regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Estos arbustos son frecuentemente usados como plantas ornamentales y poseen mas de 30 glucósidos cardíacos causantes de cuadros clínicos de intoxicación en caninos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la alteraciones clínicas, electrocardiográficas, bioquímicas, hematológicas e histológicas con el fin de evaluar el efecto del uso de fructosa 1,6 difosfato y glucosa como alternativas de tratamiento para caninos intoxicados con 0,25g/kg de hojas frescas trituradas y adicionadas a la ración como única dosis. Fueron utilizados 10 caninos adultos, sin raza definida, con 10 a 25 kg de peso, de 4 a 8 años de edad. Fueron distribuidos en dos grupos (GI y GII) con 5 animales cada uno. Para el GI el tratamiento consistió en la administración de una solución al 10% de glucosa a 50 mg/kg vía intravenosa (IV) y enseguida una infusión continua al 10% de glucosa IV por una hora a 10 ml/kg y el GII recibió fructosa 1,6 difosfato, IV a 50 mg/kg y en seguida una infusión a 10% de la misma solución durante una hora a 10ml/kg. Ninguno de los animales del experimento murió y todos presentaron síntomas después de la intoxicación como: vomito, sialorrea, nauseas, apatía, congestión de la conjuntiva, deshidratación, dolor abdominal, tremor, diarrea, inapetencia y tenesmo. Observándose elevación principalmente de GGTU, CK y CKMB. El análisis electrocardiográfico encontró arritmias como: bradicardia sinusal, bloqueos atrioventriculares de segundo grado, taquicardia ventricular paroxística y complejos ventriculares prematuros. En histopatología no se encontró alteraciones en riñón, no observándose diferencia significativa entre tratamientos en la parte clínica hubo mejora para GII observándose no consumo de alimento. Concluyéndose con el presente estudio que animales intoxicados con 0,25g/kg de hojas verdes de N oleander en única dosis, causa signos clínicos, alteraciones de laboratorio y cambios en el trazado del electrocardiograma. El uso de fructosa 1,6 difosfato y de glucosa tuvieron un comportamiento similar para las variables estudiadas durante el tiempo experimental.

Many multinational corporations find themselves frequently in the dichotomous question of whether to make or buy a given component; but when those companies are operating with a global purchasing strategy, oriented to high levels of centralization and  dealing simultaneously with the implications of purchasing and producing the same item, the approach to take the decision becomes difficult to find, even with the current literature and practitioners knowledge. This master thesis addresses in a comprehensive proposal the way to undertake this kind of make-or-buy decisions. Through the literature review done, regarding global purchasing strategy, purchasing models, supplier selection methods and make-or-buy frameworks; it was found a convenient model to merge those concepts with the empirical experiences of a single case study in the Italcementi Group, one of the largest Cement producers in the world. The model proposed considers both strategic and economic elements and is designed as an iterative algorithm that evaluates several alternatives in order to arrive to the best make-or-buy approach. The methodologies selected and combined to solve the problem are mostly quantitative, but keeping the importance of qualitative elements within the analysis. The outcome of the thesis is a contribution to academicians and practitioners aiming to turn the existing knowledge about make-or-buy decisions into practical solutions for business management.

The formulation of public policies is usually done by officials who do not know the needs and interests of citizens. Although benefits are attributed to citizen participation, studying the participatory formulation of the Public Policy on Transparency, integrity and Non-Tolerance with Corruption in Bogota allowed us to understand the complexities of these exercises and their effects on public policy. During its formulation, public issues are deepened and the alternatives from a wide range of solutions are chosen. The study of the policy of transparency and anti-corruption was very significant as it represents a complex problem in which various sectors converge and convene in the search for a resolution. Through extensive fieldwork and theory - practice articulation from the Public Policy Analysis, the research identified the favorable conditions and difficulties that exist for a participatory formulation. Participation gives citizens more information about public policy and helps them with the appropriation of knowledge, consensus and the legitimacy of decisions. Participation, however, involves several decisions: what its purpose, what level of participation needs to be facilitated, which actors should be involved and what aims should public policy formulate.