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Imagen de apoyo de  ¿La evolución de los estilos de vida: un factor de innovación arquitectónica y urbana en la vivienda colectiva? = Does changing lifestyles: an innovative architectural and urban housing collective?

¿La evolución de los estilos de vida: un factor de innovación arquitectónica y urbana en la vivienda colectiva? = Does changing lifestyles: an innovative architectural and urban housing collective?

Por: Susana Brugés Torres | Fecha: 01/01/2008

La vivienda ha estado presente como un elemento revelador de las diferentes evoluciones sociales. Como laboratorio de experimentación, ya sea en términos técnicos, espaciales o sociales, podemos constatar que la arquitectura doméstica evoluciona para adaptarse a los modos de vida. Sin embargo, hoy en día, algunos investigadores han comprobado que los proyectos de vivienda se encuentran frente a la ausencia de innovación y no son adaptados a los modos de vida de los habitantes, salvo algunas excepciones. Aunque los actores que participan en la producción de la vivienda, los arquitectos y los habitantes parecen ser insensibles al conocimiento de la evolución del habitat, las mutaciones sociales que transforman la vida en la ciudad indican que la vivienda no puede quedarse rezagada.Esta tesis propone un análisis de la evolución en los estilos de vida, como el motor de la innovación arquitectónica y urbana en la vivienda colectiva. El análisis de los mecanismos de innovación en la vivienda colectiva está construido en dos partes. El objetivo de la primera parte, es el de presentar las diferentes mutaciones sociales que tienen una incidencia en el habitat y los “dispositivos espaciales” correspondientes. La propuesta de esta tesis, plantea una atención particular en la vivienda colectiva como tipología residencial ubicada en el corazón de los desafíos de la evolución de los modos de vida. La segunda parte está consagrada al estudio de dos casos en una de las operaciones urbanas más importantes en Paris: Paris Rive Gauche.El tratamiento del contexto de la operación, el papel de los actores, los factores comunes y diferentes de los dos proyectos que condicionaron el éxito respectivo son presentados. De esta manera, gracias al análisis de las realizaciones efectivas de los “dispositivos espaciales”, las hipótesis de las mutaciones sociales evocadas en la primera parte son comprobadas. En fin, un tercer punto propone el análisis del proceso de innovación: el management del proyecto, la adhesión de los actores a este proceso, el desarrollo de las operaciones, las fuentes de la innovación. Para que la innovación en la vivienda colectiva se acerque más a la realidad que a una utopia, la tesis propone la declaración de algunas pistas de reflexión.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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¿La evolución de los estilos de vida: un factor de innovación arquitectónica y urbana en la vivienda colectiva? = Does changing lifestyles: an innovative architectural and urban housing collective?

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Imagen de apoyo de  The geography of foreign real estate investments = La geografía de inversiones extranjeras en el sector inmobiliario

The geography of foreign real estate investments = La geografía de inversiones extranjeras en el sector inmobiliario

Por: Ana María Serna Trujillo | Fecha: 01/01/2014

Real Estate Industry is a strategic element in urban competitiveness, economic growth and development, as it facilitates the articulation between economic activities, local assets and flows of capital. Furthermore, even tough the perception is that it is a local business, with the globalization many of the largest developers and consumers of corporate real estate have become global (Bardhan & Kroll 2007). The foregoing has made the industry acquire a cross-border dynamic and makes the attraction of foreign investment into real estate development a key approach for improving the position of countries and cities in the global economic network.This work aims to explore the geographical structure and trends of the international Real Estate cluster, and then recognize the correlation of the Foreign Real Estate Investments –FREI– inward flows with competitiveness and real estate market factors of host countries and cities. The analysis shows that despite the globalization influence, FREI holds the concept of real estate as “local” business in a broader scale: 62% of the links happen within countries of the same region, evidencing that there are opportunities of complement with the surrounding economies.Likewise, the research demonstrates that the cluster involves primarily economies in second and third stage of development, exposing that the market is still reliant on low-risk assets in a stable environment and that there has not been established an active industry in developing countries. Additionally, the instability experienced over the last seven years in the sector is evidenced. The 2007 international financial crisis had a deep impact on Foreign Real Estate Investments, corroborating the interdependence between financial market and real estate. This study demonstrates that location factors related to market size, labor market, financial market and connectivity are essential for attracting inward investments. The results of the model show that a variety of forces rule FREI, evidencing the need of having a comprehensive approach that surpasses the notion of real estate as property and involves other clusters. To conclude, the country and city analyses showed the diverse drivers for MNC at different territorial scales. Without neglecting the usual national purview of the policy framework for attracting FDI, it is important to acknowledge the relevance of local and urban scale in the broader picture of globalization. Beyond the macroeconomic and institutional determinants, the position of the urban nodes in the global networks matters for captivating FREI.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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The geography of foreign real estate investments = La geografía de inversiones extranjeras en el sector inmobiliario

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Imagen de apoyo de  Regulating the blessing: small scale miner´s access to legality in Colombia, Peru and Mexico = Regulando la bendición: el acceso de los mineros pequeños a la legalidad en Colombia, Peru y Mexico

Regulating the blessing: small scale miner´s access to legality in Colombia, Peru and Mexico = Regulando la bendición: el acceso de los mineros pequeños a la legalidad en Colombia, Peru y Mexico

Por: Camilo Sánchez Meertens | Fecha: 01/01/2014

This investigation seeks to compare the legal frameworks developed in the 1990-2010 period in Colombia, Peru and Mexico to prevent and tackle informal artisanal/small scale mining. It does so by assessing the impact on the levels of informality of: (i) the incentives provided to miners to operate within legality; and (ii) the mechanisms devised to compensate such miners’ disadvantageous position vis-à-vis large scale mining companies. For such assessment a thorough examination of the countries’ mining codes is carried out. Concurrently, information extracted from semi-structured interviews with experts and triangulated with secondary sources is used to evaluate the codes’ impact on informality. The analysis supports the hypothesis that simple inexpensive mine title acquisition procedures, granting long lasting property rights, as well as guaranteeing technical and financial assistance, are key drivers of formalization. The impact of such incentives is, however, more complex: firstly, as the Mexican case illustrates, the absence of incentives combined with strong police persecution, can reduce informal mining by rendering it an unattractive activity with no prospective of future formalization.Secondly, the Colombian and Peruvian case exemplify how entry barriers also encourage miners to create associations which, in turn, are able to better access information, can comply with formal requirements more easily and can play an important role in influencing policy design. Furthermore, considering the incentives of large scale companies also proved crucial to reduce informality, given that a significant share of mining areas are already under concession. This means that the number of mine titles informal miners could potentially obtain is limited. Therefore, as the Colombian and Peruvian case exemplify, formalizing is to a large degree dependent on the willingness of these companies to voluntarily engage in associative contracts with informal miners. However, so far none of the observed countries has managed to prompt strong alliances between small and large scale miners to fruitfully implement such collaborative models. With regard to the compensation mechanisms, this study supports the hypothesis that granting political voice to small scale miners is of utmost importance to guarantee that differentiated costs, procedures and requirements are contemplated in the law. All in all, such policies have been innocuous and even counterproductive when not accompanied by measures that enhance access to information as well as local bureaucratic competences. In a context of scarce local bureaucratic resources, promissory formalization schemes generate a demand for mine titles that surpasses mining authorities’ capacity and, thereby, potentially incites more informality and social unrest. As observed in Peru, in such cases formalization processes can, paradoxically, induce higher levels of informal mining. In light of these findings, the study recommends the partner institution -Transparency International- to: (i) support the implementation of informational campaigns that explain the benefits of operating in formality and of doing so by means of associating; (ii) encourage policy dialogue spaces in order to prompt mutual monitoring and align the different stakeholders’ incentives; (iii) support capacity building programs targeting local mining authorities; (iv) support monitoring mechanisms in the mine title distribution and contracting processes.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Regulating the blessing: small scale miner´s access to legality in Colombia, Peru and Mexico = Regulando la bendición: el acceso de los mineros pequeños a la legalidad en Colombia, Peru y Mexico

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Imagen de apoyo de  Strategies for adaptation to climate change through microfinances: an experimental evaluation in Colombian agriculture = Estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático a través de las microfinanzas: una evaluación experimental en la agricultura colombiana

Strategies for adaptation to climate change through microfinances: an experimental evaluation in Colombian agriculture = Estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático a través de las microfinanzas: una evaluación experimental en la agricultura colombiana

Por: María del Pilar Restrepo Orjuela | Fecha: 01/01/2014

The growing problem of maintaining socio-economic sustainability in a changing climate has focused attention of a wide range of stakeholders on devising and delivering adaptive responses. A series of IPCC reports have emphasised that the economies of developing countries and particularly the poor would bear the brunt of climate change impacts. Farmers are highly vulnerable because of their high and direct dependency on natural resources, climate-sensitive livelihoods and lack of access to resources that they could rely on to respond successfully to shocks. Microfinance has become an increasingly used and effective tool to respond to major global challenges at the local level, including poverty and climate change.This thesis seeks to analyze the effects that the level of climate change risk and impact has on the willingness of Colombian farmers to invest, through microfinances, in strategies to adapt anticipatively to climate change. The methodology combines experimental economic games, surveys and interviews with farmers who cultivate three different crops: coffee, cocoa and citrus. The findings demonstrate that adaptation decisions depend on climate variability, the cost to implement an adaptation strategy and its benefits to cope with current hazards.Some farmers are risk takers as they prefer to face the risk of losing the harvest rather than pay the adaptation costs. Integrated pest management and beekeeping were strategies preferred under any level of climate variability, while farmers invested in crop diversification and solar dehydrators when facing higher risk of climate change. They were willing to obtain individual and associative microcredits. Microcredits awarded to small farmers in a short period of time enable them to accumulate and manage assets that make them less vulnerable. Microfinance can be more effective when combined with training and bottom-up strategies such as social networks, establishment of partnerships, collective lands and social learning that help farmers to increase their earnings, improve land productivity and promote food security.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Strategies for adaptation to climate change through microfinances: an experimental evaluation in Colombian agriculture = Estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático a través de las microfinanzas: una evaluación experimental en la agricultura colombiana

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Imagen de apoyo de  Sea-Level Variability in the Caribbean Sea over the Last Century = Variación del Nivel del Mar en el Caribe durante el Último Siglo

Sea-Level Variability in the Caribbean Sea over the Last Century = Variación del Nivel del Mar en el Caribe durante el Último Siglo

Por: Rafael Ricardo Torres Parra | Fecha: 01/01/2013

Mean sea level rise exposes coasts to increasing risks. For the Caribbean Sea, the regional and local sea-level behaviour is not well known. This study has investigated the sea level behavior in the region at different frequencies during the last century, to provide updated, accurate and useful information to implement coastal adaptation responses to sea-level hazards. Time series from 28 tide-gauges, 18 years of altimetry and various atmospheric and oceanographic climatologies have been used. Several new results have been found. The small Caribbean tides have significant long-term modulations. The net effect of the low frequency modulation of the tidal signal can change the maximum tidal range up to 23.5%.The seasonal sea level cycle is characterized by large spatial and temporal variability. The amplitude of the coastal annual harmonic ranges from 2 cm to 9 cm, peaking between August and October. The amplitude of the semi-annual harmonic has maximum amplitude of 6 cm but it is not significant at all stations. The barometric effect dominates the coastal semi-annual cycle, but it is insignificant in all the other sea level frequencies at the tide-gauges.The seasonal sea level cycle from altimetry confirms the results obtained from the tide-gauges and allows the identification of some dominant sea level forcing parameters such as the Panama-Colombia gyre driven by the wind stress curl and the Caribbean Low Level Jet modulating the sea level in the northern coast of South America and linked to the local upwelling. The basin average mean sea level rise from altimetry is 1.7±1.3 mm yr-1 for the period 1993-2010. Wind forcing changes causes the trends in the southern part of the basin, modulating the sea level through changes in the ocean circulation.Significant spatial and decadal variability of the trends is found. Secular coastal sea-level trends range from 1.3±0.2 mm yr-1 in Magueyes, where the steric contribution dominates, to 5.3±0.3 mm yr-1 in Cartagena, where other contributors including local vertical land movements are significant. Temporal changes in the sea level extremes are significant but in line with mean sea-level trends at each tide gauge. With the annual mean sea level removed, extremes range between 36 cm and 79 cm, the later recorded in Port Spain and caused by the largest tidal signal.The largest nontidal residual is 76 cm found in Magueyes, forced by a hurricane induced storm surge, however larger surges can occur in the basin. The interannual sea level signal and nontidal extremes correlate with El Niño-Southern Oscillation at different time and spatial scales. No correlation with the North Atlantic Oscillation is found at any frequency. The largest sea flooding probability in the Caribbean coasts is around October, when the different sea level contributors’ maximums interact. These sea flooding events are going to became more frequent in the future due to the secular mean sea level rise affecting the basin.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Sea-Level Variability in the Caribbean Sea over the Last Century = Variación del Nivel del Mar en el Caribe durante el Último Siglo

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Imagen de apoyo de  Applicability of the passivhaus standard for social housing in urban tropical climates (Colombia)

Applicability of the passivhaus standard for social housing in urban tropical climates (Colombia)

Por: Andrés Felipe Hernández Naranjo | Fecha: 01/01/2012

The Passivhaus Standard is a construction concept based on affordably achieving the best indoor conditions with the lowest energy demand. If adopted, it could contribute to fulfil the lack of regulations in energy and comfort performance in Colombian dwellings that the current sustainability laws mandate. The Standard has been applied in warm regions mostly throughout the Mediterranean.This work intended to study its applicability for social housing in tropical climates, specifically four Colombian cities with different average energy demands and number of occupants per household and diverse climatic conditions.The work identified and described a reference building based on an average ‘good practice’ social housing project product of the current Building Regulations. It was modelled in the Passivhaus Planning Package (PHPP) to analyse its performance in the four cities. The results showed that the thermal performance of the building envelope is better than expected due to favourable climatic conditions in most of the cities, although it needs improvements. Even if primary energy demand is lower in the four cities than the maximum allowed by the Standard, it would be considerably high for dwellings without mechanical heating or cooling.The improved models showed that adopting passive strategies according to local climates reduced daily temperature swings and increased indoor comfort. Applying energy efficiency measures such as solar thermal DHW and more efficient fridges and lighting decreased primary energy demand significantly to less than a half of the maximum allowed. The Standard would be applicable in tropical climates even within the budget limitations for social housing in Colombia, although not exactly in the same way as in central Europe. Local circumstances and passive strategies must be taken into account to feasibly achieve the Passivhaus Standard in Colombian social housing.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Applicability of the passivhaus standard for social housing in urban tropical climates (Colombia)

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Imagen de apoyo de  La lutte contre l’impunité, une obligation international cardinale pour les Etats en transition vers la paix et/ou la démocratie

La lutte contre l’impunité, une obligation international cardinale pour les Etats en transition vers la paix et/ou la démocratie

Por: Julián Andrés Ariza Topahueso | Fecha: 01/01/2016

Résumé:La lutte contre l’impunité correspond à une démarche très large, voire générale. Sa mise en œuvre requiert que les Etats satisfassent un ensemble d’obligations spécifiques. En effet, lutter contre l’impunité implique : que les Etats qualifient d’infractions pénales au regard sa propre législation les crimes de droit international et qu’ils prévoient des peines prenant dûment en compte leur gravité ; qu’ils mènent des enquêtes sur les violations ; essentiellement, qu’ils poursuivent et sanctionnent les auteurs des infractions ; qu’ils coopèrent avec les autres Etats ainsi que les Tribunaux pénaux internationaux; qu’ils offrent aux victimes des voies de recours efficaces et la réparation du préjudice subi ; et enfin, qu’ils prennent toutes les mesures destinées à éviter le renouvellement de telles violations.Mais quel est l’intérêt de parler d’une lutte contre l’impunité de manière très large et non pas de chacune de ces obligations de manière séparée ? Toutes ces obligations se complètent, elles s’articulent autour d’un même objectif. Si chaque obligation est analysée de manière séparée, il serait admis que chaque Etat peut choisir de quelles obligations s’acquitter. Dans ce sens, si l’Etat ne parvient pas à lutter efficacement contre l’impunité de crimes internationaux, il n’y aurait pas des conséquences juridiques puisqu’il ne serait pas tenu de tout mettre en œuvre. La lutte contre l’impunité est une démarche globale, conçue dans son ensemble : il n’est pas possible la morceler en fonctions des obligations spécifiques qu’elle entraine. Bien que la pratique qui a donné lieu à son origine coutumière se circonscrivait seulement à l’obligation de poursuivre et sanctionner en laissant à côté d’autres obligations comme celle de coopérer avec d’autres Etats et les TPI, ou celle de réparer les victimes, une opinion juris s’est dégagée sur le besoin d’accomplir aussi ces obligations.Resumen:La lucha contra la impunidad es una obligación internacional bastante amplia, si se quiere, general. Su puesta en ejecución requiere que los Estados satisfagan un conjunto de obligaciones específicas. Luchar contra la impunidad implica en consecuencia: qué los Estados cualifiquen de infracciones penales los crímenes de derecho internacional en su legislación interna, y qué prevean sanciones penales que tomen debidamente en consideración su gravedad; qué lleven investigaciones sobre las violaciones; fundamentalmente, que persigan y sancionen a los autores de estas infracciones; qué cooperen con otros Estados así como con los Tribunales penales internacionales; qué ofrezcan a las víctimas vías de recurso adecuadas y eficaces para obtener la reparación del perjuicio sufrido; y finalmente, que tomen todas las medidas destinadas a evitar la repetición de estos hechos.¿Pero cuál es el interés en hablar de una lucha contra la impunidad de manera amplia y no de cada una de estas obligaciones de manera separada? Todas estas obligaciones se complementan, se articulan alrededor del mismo objetivo. Si cada obligación fuera tomada separadamente, se admitiría que cada Estado es libre de escoger qué obligaciones desea o no cumplir. En este sentido, si el Estado no lucha eficazmente contra la impunidad de los crímenes internacionales, no habrá consecuencias jurídicas para éste, pues no está obligado a ejecutar de forma simultanea todas las obligaciones que esta lucha comprende.La lucha contra la impunidad es así una obligación global, que de ser concebida en su conjunto: no es posible desintegrarla en función de cada una de las obligaciones específicas que abarca. Aunque la práctica que dio lugar a su origen consuetudinario se circunscribía únicamente a la obligación de los Estados de perseguir y sancionar, dejando de un lado las otras obligaciones tales como: cooperar con otros Estados y con los Tribunales penales internacionales o la obligación de reparar a las víctimas, como se verá, una opinión juris se ha elaborado sobre la necesidad de satisfacer también estas obligaciones.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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La lutte contre l’impunité, une obligation international cardinale pour les Etats en transition vers la paix et/ou la démocratie

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Imagen de apoyo de  Effects of dietary combination of 25-OH-D3 and canthaxanthin on performance, meat yield, bone characteristics and antioxidant status of broilers housed under commercial and experimental conditions

Effects of dietary combination of 25-OH-D3 and canthaxanthin on performance, meat yield, bone characteristics and antioxidant status of broilers housed under commercial and experimental conditions

Por: Carlos Alberto Lozano Poveda | Fecha: 01/01/2014

Abstract:The effects of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OH-D3), canthaxanthin (CX), alone and in combination on broiler performance, meat yield, oxidative status, skin color and bone characteristics were evaluated in a field trial in Colombia and also under controlled experimental conditions in Canada. The effects of regional and housing conditions on performance, meat yield and bone characteristics were also assessed. In the field trial, one whole broiler cycle of 4,922,130 broilers of both sexes (reared separately) of two commercial broiler strains (A and B) was followed from placement to processing. Birds were fed with a Control diet containing vitamin D3 at 4,000 IU per kg of complete feed, and a treatment diet (MC) containing CX at 6 mg, 2,760 IU of 25-OH-D3, plus the Control level of vitamin D3 from 0 to approximately 21 d of age. Additionally, 53% of the males also received 1.0 g of marigold extract (MG) from approximately d 22 to processing age.Strain A had lower FCR and higher weights and yield of carcass, whole breast, breast fillet, and thighs than strain B, but BW and feed intake were similar. MC reduced most of the carcass traits, especially in strain A. Males fed MG had higher feed intake and FCR than males not fed MG. During the fifth week of age, MG increased weight gain and reduced FCR, especially in strain A. During the same period, in males not fed MG, MC reduced weight gain and increased FCR. MG increased weight gain but increased mortality in males fed MC. From d 29 to d 35, MC reduced mortality, but not in males fed MG. Males fed MG had higher breast weight, and weight and yield of carcass, drumstick, and thigh than males not fed MG. MG reduced skin lightness and redness, but increased yellowness. Bone breaking stress was increased and bone breaking strength was nearly increased (P = 0.0768) by MC. MC increased bone breaking strength especially in strain B birds. The regional and housing analysis showed that most differences in broiler traits were related to differences in environmental temperature.In controlled conditions, birds were fed with seven diets: Control (2,760 IU of vitamin D3/kg of feed from d 0 to processing); 25D (2,760 IU 25-OH-D3 /kg of feed from d 0 to 40); CX (Control + 6 mg/kg CX from d 0 to 40); 25DCX (25D diet + 6 mg/kg CX, from d 0 to 40); 25D-Early (25D diet from 0 to 19 d; Control diet thereafter); CX-Early (CX diet from 0 to 19 d; Control diet thereafter); 25DCX-Early (25DCX diet from 0 to 19 d; Control diet thereafter). Diets containing CX increased BW and reduced FCR at d 11 and had a tendency to increase Pectoralis major weights (P < 0.1) at 19 and 39 d. CX increased redness and yellowness of shank and breast skin, and breast muscle; especially when fed during the full grow-out period. The presence of CX reduced malondialdehyde concentrations of liver samples at 11 and 19 d. At d 19, an increased trabecular bone cross sectional area at 30% of total femur length from the proximal epiphysis evidenced a synergy between 25-OH-D3 and CX. At d 39, 25DE and 25DCXE increased bone breaking strength relative to the other treatments. It was concluded, that broiler productivity was strongly birds strain dependent.The increased productivity at early ages in the treatments containing CX and in birds fed MG was likely due to an increased antioxidant status. The increased bone quality in birds fed MC, 25DE and 25DCXE was likely due to the inclusion of 25-OH-D3 and it confirms the higher biopotency relative to vitamin D3 at early ages. Both active compounds in MC may positively influence livability and bone formation through different metabolic pathways. Therefore, dietary MC has the potential to increase profitability by increasing the number of saleable birds at processing age, but also may improve bird welfare.Resumen:Se evaluaron los efectos de la 25-hidroxi vitamina D3 (25-OH-D3) y de la cantaxantina (CX), solos y en combinación sobre el comportamiento zootécnico de pollos de engorde, rendimiento de carne, estatus oxidativo, color de la piel y características óseas en Colombia y bajo condiciones experimentales controladas en Canadá. También se evaluaron los efectos de las condiciones regionales y del tipo de alojamiento sobre el comportamiento zootécnico, la producción de carne y las características óseas. En el ensayo de campo, se siguió un ciclo completo de pollo de engorde de 4.922.130 pollos de engorde de ambos sexos (criados por separado) de dos razas comerciales (A y B), desde el encasetamiento y hasta el procesamiento. Las aves fueron alimentadas con una dieta control que contenía vitamina D3 a 4.000 UI por kg de alimento y una dieta tratamiento que contenía CX a 6 mg, 2.760 UI de 25-OH-D3 más el nivel de control de vitamina D3 de 0 a aproximadamente 21 d de edad. Además, el 53% de los machos también recibieron 1,0 g de extracto de Marigold (MG) de aproximadamente d 22 hasta la edad de procesamiento.La raza A tuvo menor conversión alimenticia y mayores pesos y rendimiento de canal, pechuga completa, filete de pechuga y muslos que la raza B; sin embargo el peso corporal y el consumo de alimento fueron similares. MC redujo la mayoría de las características de la canal, especialmente en la raza A. Los machos alimentados con MG tuvieron mayor consumo de alimento y conversión alimenticia que los machos no alimentados con MG. Durante la quinta semana de edad, MG aumentó el peso corporal y redujo la conversión alimenticia, especialmente en la raza A. Durante el mismo período, en los machos que no recibieron MG, el MC redujo la ganancia de peso y aumentó la conversión alimenticia. MG aumentó la ganancia de peso, pero incrementó la mortalidad en los machos alimentados MC. Del d 29 al d 35, MC redujo la mortalidad, pero no en los machos alimentados con MG. Los machos alimentados con MG tuvieron mayor peso de pechuga, y peso y rendimiento de canal, pernil y muslo que los machos no alimentados con MG. MG redujo la luminosidad y el enrojecimiento de la piel, pero aumentó el amarillamiento. El grado de rotura ósea por estrés fue aumentado y la resistencia a la rotura ósea fué incrementada (P = 0,0768) por MC. MC aumentó la resistencia a la rotura ósea, especialmente en aves de la raza B. El análisis por región geográfica y de tipo de alojamiento mostró que la mayoría de las diferencias en las características de los pollos de engorde estaban relacionadas con las diferencias en la temperatura ambiental.En condiciones controladas, las aves fueron alimentadas con siete dietas: Control (2.760 UI de vitamina D3 / kg de alimento de d 0 hasta el procesamiento); 25D (2.760 IU 25-OH-D3 / kg de pienso desde d 0 hasta 40); CX (Control + 6 mg / kg CX de d 0 a 40); 25DCX (dieta 25D + 6 mg / kg CX, de d 0 a 40); 25D-Early (dieta 25D de 0 a 19 d, dieta de control a partir de ese momento); CX-Early (dieta CX de 0 a 19 días, dieta de control a partir de ese momento); 25DCX-Early (dieta 25DCX de 0 a 19 d, dieta de control a partir de ese momento). Las dietas que contenían CX aumentaron el peso corporal y redujeron la conversión alimenticia al d 11 y tuvieron una tendencia a incrementar los pesos del Pectoralis mayor (P <0,1) al 19 y 39 d. CX aumentó el enrojecimiento y amarillamiento de la piel de los tarsos y de la pechuga y del músculo de la pechuga; especialmente cuando se alimentan durante el período completo de crecimiento. La presencia de CX redujo las concentraciones de malondialdehído de las muestras de hígado al 11 y 19 d. Al d 19, un incremento del área de la sección transversal del hueso trabecular al 30% de la longitud total del fémur tomada desde la epífisis proximal evidenció una sinergia entre 25-OH-D3 y CX. En d 39, 25DE y 25DCXE aumentaron la resistencia a la rotura ósea con respecto a los otros tratamientos. Se concluyó que la productividad de los pollos de engorde fué fuertemente dependiente de la raza de las aves. El aumento de la productividad a edades tempranas en los tratamientos que contienen CX y en aves alimentadas con MG fue probablemente debido a un mayor estatus antioxidante. El aumento de la calidad ósea en las aves alimentadas con MC, 25DE y 25DCXE fue probablemente debido a la inclusión de 25-OH-D3 y confirma la mayor biopotencia en relación con la vitamina D3 a edades tempranas. Ambos compuestos activos en MC pueden influir positivamente en la viabilidad y la formación ósea a través de diferentes vías metabólicas. Por lo tanto, la dieta MC tiene el potencial de aumentar la rentabilidad económica al aumentar el número de aves vendibles a la edad de procesamiento, pero también puede mejorar el bienestar de las aves.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Effects of dietary combination of 25-OH-D3 and canthaxanthin on performance, meat yield, bone characteristics and antioxidant status of broilers housed under commercial and experimental conditions

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Imagen de apoyo de  Socioeconomic Inequalities in Overweight and Obesity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries = Desigualdades Socioeconómicas in sobrepeso y obesidad en Países de Bajos y Medianos Ingresos

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Overweight and Obesity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries = Desigualdades Socioeconómicas in sobrepeso y obesidad en Países de Bajos y Medianos Ingresos

Por: Sandra Liliana López Arana | Fecha: 01/01/2016

Many low- and middle-income countries are experiencing a rapid increase of overweight and obesity rates. Nonetheless, there are some concerns not only about the pace of the increase in overweight and obesity, but also about inequalities in their distribution across social groups. The main aims of this thesis were to: i) examine socioeconomic differences in overweight and obesity over the last decades among women of childbearing age in low- and middle- income countries; ii) determine the contribution of reproductive variables (e.g., parity, age at first birth, breastfeeding) to socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity in low- and middle-income countries; and iii) assess the impact of recently adopted poverty reduction policies, namely conditional cash transfer programs (CCT) on determinants of child health and children´s nutritional status. Overall, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women has increased in most low- and middle-income countries across all educational groups and occupational classes in the last two decade. Nonetheless, overweight and obesity trends have rapidly increased among less educated and lower occupational classes especially in North Africa/West and Central Asia (NWA), Sub-Saharan (SS) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. For example, women working in agriculture and production sector had an annual increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity ranged from 2.8% in LAC region to 3.7% in the SS region. In addition, women with lower age at first birth, high parity, and shorter duration of breastfeeding had an increased odds of overweight. Nonetheless, those reproductive factors did not play a key role in explaining differences in overweight by socioeconomic status and related trends. Finally, the CCT Familias en Accion was associated with significant higher BMI z-scores among children beneficiaries of this program; BMI-for-age z-scores (β=0.14, 95%CI 0.00, 0.27, p <0.05). These results suggest that in future years, the unequal distribution of body weight between and within societies likely contributes to perpetuate poverty and poor health as in high-income countries. In addition, poverty reduction policies such as CCT programs in a middle- income country such as Colombia have not been very successful in preventing overweight and obesity. Therefore, additional efforts specifically focused on preventing an increase in inequalities in overweight and obesity are needed, targeting mothers and children from low income households.
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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Socioeconomic Inequalities in Overweight and Obesity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries = Desigualdades Socioeconómicas in sobrepeso y obesidad en Países de Bajos y Medianos Ingresos

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Imagen de apoyo de  The Social Constructionist Consultant: A Colombian Perspective on Organizational Development (OD)

The Social Constructionist Consultant: A Colombian Perspective on Organizational Development (OD)

Por: Carlos Felipe Villar Guhl | Fecha: 01/01/2012

The dissertation accounts for an effort to bridge the social constructionist literature in the organization development (OD) field and the lived everyday experience of Colombian managers to enhance OD consultancy. By adopting a social constructionist approach to research and by giving priority to emergent accounts of organizational change (Burnes 2009; Tsoukas & Chia 2002), the author “brings out the attention of something that we have seen but not noticed” (Bergson 1946 cited in Tsoukas & Chia 2002:571).In this sense, this study brings out the attention on the process, rather than the content of everyday conversations (Shotter 2009). Indeed, the assumption underpinning this dissertation is that organizations can be transformed by changing the way in which everyday conversations are held and daily practices are managed (Bushe & Marshak 2009; Shaw 2005). In the following pages, this assumption is held up against the practical experience of eight senior managers interviewed and the relevant literature.The aim is to elaborate the distinctive characteristics giving rise to inspired practice by the social constructionist OD consultant within a Colombian context. The particular interest in the idea of a social constructionist approach to OD is less in how different actions transform how people think and act and more in how to enable practices and conversations that create different organizing patterns and therefore new ways in which people can respond and interact (Spinosa et al. 1997).
Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis
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The Social Constructionist Consultant: A Colombian Perspective on Organizational Development (OD)

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