nternational experiences with disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) demonstrate that one should not overlook special groups within the population nor promote partial processes; especially former girls, boys and adolescent combatants. The present article deals with the following question: ¿How should we conceive the reintegration process of a former child combatant in Colombia, when she reaches the age of 18 years and has not yet overcome the condition of victim? To this end, were reviewed the current programs for the reintegration of minors, as established by the international disarmament, demobilization and reintegration standards (EIDDR) and were consulted 16 young people who were recruited as minors and who were part of the process of disengagement in the past negotiations between the Colombian government and the FARC - EP. An analysis of the formal instruments and of the perspectives of the youths themselves afforded an understanding of the risks to which the young demobilized ex-combatants are exposed and conclude that Colombia does not have a reintegration process per se but rather a few programmes for child victims of recruitment. In order to produce positive results, the reintegration process should be one single programme, led by one Government entity, with roles, functions, structure, staff and resources clearly defined and adapted to the profíle of each participating child, adolescent or youth

Hoy no hay manera de pasar por alto que vivimos en mundo inseguro. Particularmente, el creciente impacto del terrorismo es una tendencia que levanta banderas rojas no sólo por sus obvios efectos en la vida y bienestar de las personas, sino por su relevancia desde el punto de vista de la seguridad internacional. Como un problema de envergadura global, el terrorismo puede ser abordado mediante mecanismos de gobernanza global y desde la perspectiva de la provisión de bienes públicos globales. No obstante, el terrorismo ofrece un ejemplo de cómo el alcance de la gobernanza global para dar solución a problemas de escala mundial puede verse limitado por las características de los causantes de los problemas, de quienes son afectados por ellos y del ente regulador que intenta mediar dichos conflictos.

Starting from the assumption that the State plays an important role in the social, economic and cultural dynamics and processes, this thesis will approach the guarantee of the right to food, from a rights perspective, performing an analysis on the three left mayoralties in Bogotá (2004 - 2015) and from that to establish if the development plans related the concepts of: food security and sovereignty. Two elements that are far from the practical and theoretical point of view, which will be reviewed from the speeches and government plans of the mayors. It also seeks to highlight how the role of the management of a government and its political will is important in the cross-cutting management that must be taken to properly structure a food policy, strategic management as the backbone of public action.

La protesta social es una acción colectiva que sirve para enfrentar decisiones. injustas o perjudiciales, cuando otros medios políticos se agotan. El manejo de la protesta social desde el Estado ha respondido a diferentes conceptos sobre la necesidad de recurrir a la fuerza o la negociación. Se esperaba que los, principios derivados de la política pública de seguridad ciudadana sustituyeran las prácticas de la Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional. procurando un tratamiento que reconociera el derecho a la protesta social y redujera los tratos violentos. Para el efecto, en este trabajo se realizó un análisis comparativo entre estas dos visiones de seguridad. El recuento de los hechos permitió establecer que, aunque se hayan registrado intentos para modificar conductas, continúan vigentes Ias convicciones y prácticas de la seguridad nacional. De la misma manera predomina Ia idea de un enemigo interno al cual se le debe eliminar. Esta orientación ha impedido que se sucedan los cambios esperados, en materia de seguridad ciudadana, siendo esta el referente de los gobernantes para la toma de decisiones en el momento de tratar y confrontar la protesta social. Al contrario de lo que se puede suponer no ha sido la supremacía de lo normativo y jurídico garantista lo que ha prevalecido, ha sido la violencia oficial en combinación de una estrategia mediática que desacredita la protesta social y de un esquema judicial que la continúa criminalizando.

Based on the concept of Foreign Constitution and the organizational arrangements of the 1991 Constitution of Colombia, this research analyzes the role of the Constitutional Court within the framework of the Colombian Government´s response to the Judgement of the International Court of Justice in the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). This thesis analyzes the post-Judgement situation and highlights the arising tensions between Colombia´s international obligations and its domestic dynamics. In particular, this research identifies the negative perception of the Judgement based on public opinion as well as a highly polarized 2014 presidential campaign. Furthermore, this analysis focuses on the Colombian Government´s decision to resort to the Constitutional Court in order to challenge the constitutional validity of the Pact of Bogota. Explanations for why the Colombian Government used this decision are also discussed as they could be considered as laundering and buck-passing actions in foreign policy. This thesis is a first attempt to use, characterize and differentiate the concepts of laundering and buck-passing in the field of Colombian foreign policy. It also identifies certain emerging consequences that are a result of resorting to the above-mentioned actions, within the framework of the ICJ Judgement.

Abstract: This survey gathered information about the transportation modal choices, among Politecnico di Milano university population (n=9,763 students, n=2,185 staff members). The main tool used for this stage was Geographical Information System Software (GIS) that allow us to visualize and evaluate the travel behaviors. In particular, it was studied its relation with the accessibility to public transportation infrastructure and networks likewise the frequency of their journeys. We analyzed, in particular, the diffusion of originated trips directed to the most important campuses of Politecnico: Leonardo Citta Studi located in the east-central part of Milan and Bovisa located in the north-west border of Milan. Subsequently we proposed a variety of Transport Demand Policies (TDM) aiming the promotion of the public transportation instead of non-motorized mobility, shifting specifically the choice from the car (there are more than 80,000 journeys made by car in the academic year) promoting alternatives like train and regulate the use of cars with parking restrictions and carpooling programs. Finally we also perform calculations to figure out the estimated cost of (TDM) strategies implementation, considering different scenarios according to assumptions based in the state of art provided by the Città Studi Sustainable Campus project. Resumen: El contenido del presente trabajo se enfoca en la interpretación de los hábitos de transporte por parte de la población del Politécnico de Milán que afectan negativamente la movilidad sostenible. Se han diseñado estrategias y políticas con el objetivo de controlar estos hábitos. La metodología para identificar el problema se fundamenta en la interpretación desde el punto de vista territorial a partir de una encuesta desarrollada por el proyecto Città Studi Sustainable Campus en 2015. Esta encuesta ha recolectado información de la distribución modal por parte de la población del Politécnico de Milán (9,763 estudiantes y 2,185 trabajadores). Las principales herramientas utilizadas han sido los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) que permiten visualizar y evaluar los hábitos de transporte. Se ha estudiado la relación de los hábitos con la accesibilidad a transporte público y la frecuencia de los viajes a lo largo del periodo académico. Se ha analizado los viajes atraídos por los campuses principales del Politécnico de Milán: Leonardo Citta Studi ubicado en el área este-central de Milán y Bovisa, ubicado en el noroccidente de Milán. A partir del análisis se ha propuesto una serie de Políticas de Demanda de Transporte (TDM) que buscan promover el uso de transporte público, modificando principalmente el uso de vehículo particular (se tienen más de 80,000 viajes con automóvil a lo largo del año académico) tales como uso del tren, regulación en el uso de parqueaderos y programas de carpooling. Finalmente se ha estimado el costo de la implementación de las diferentes TDM al considerar diferentes escenarios a partir de estudios previos elaborados por el proyecto Città Studi Sustainable Campus.

Pregnancy during adolescence is a worldwide public health concern. In developing countries, 14 million adolescents give birth each year, which accounts for 90% of all worldwide pregnancies. The proportion of adolescent women aged 10-19 whom have been pregnant in Mitú, Colombia is of approximately 25%, in comparison to 19.5% at the national level. This report aims to review the effectiveness and identifying best practice of adolescent pregnancy interventions in low and middle income countries and use formative research to make specific recommendations for policy and practice to prevent adolescent pregnancy in Mitú, Colombia. EMBASE, Medline, CINHAL, Cochrane library, GLOBAL HEALTH, ADOLEC, Popline, LILACS and REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LIBRARY were searched to identify studies examining adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries. GOOGLE was searched to identify grey literature. Five semi-structured interviews were also conducted with key service providers in the field of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Mitú to explore the needs of the region in regards to adolescent pregnancy prevention and the barriers and facilitators for programme implementation. The literature review found that adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries had a positive impact on the knowledge of pregnancy prevention and may contribute to the delay of sexual initiation. However, impact on the use of contraceptive methods and reduction of adolescent pregnancy inconclusive. Interviews revealed key societal, familial and individual factors that were viewed to be linked to adolescent pregnancy in Mitú. Relationships between military personnel and young women appeared to be an important factor in high teenage pregnancy rates. Barriers for the adequate implementation and continuation of programmes included lack of political commitment, lack of financial, human and material resources and lack of inter-institutional collaboration, the high rate of staff turnover and the lack of monitoring programmes. Only few facilitators were mentioned that consisted mainly in the willing of both adolescent and military to collaborate in the implementation of adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions. In conclusion, evidence suggests that adolescent pregnancy prevention strategies are effective in increasing knowledge of pregnancy and might delay sexual initiation in low and middle-income countries. Features of effective programmes were identified and discussed and are important in designing and developing new strategies. However, cultural, environmental and social barriers need to be addressed through political commitment and inter-institutional collaboration in order to develop effective interventions for pregnancy prevention in Mitú.

The central system for generating genetic diversity and protecting the genomic integrity of replicating cells, from bacteria to humans, involves the homologous recombination (HR) machinery. It involves the process of exchange of molecules between DNA strands using the homology sequences. Because these machineries are highly efficient and precise it has become a useful analytical tool for the bacterial geneticists, thus, the engineering recombinant DNA molecules by homologous recombination, method called recombineering, is functional for sequence deletions, substitutions, or insertions. Under some conditions, the phage-mediated recombination system can be provided in E. coli by the ? phage Red enzymes, Red? and Red?. It involves a processive 5’ to 3’ exonuclease or a member of helicase family, namely Red?, which generates single stranded DNA (ssDNA) regions that are substrates for the single strand annealing protein (SSAP), i. e. Red?, which promotes joining of the DNA molecules by joining the recently replicated complementary sequences. The motivation of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the physical and functional coupling of the two enzymes Red? and Red?, as well as understanding the influence of including the DNA into the reaction, which acts as the substrate. Consequently, the experiments were designed and performed incorporating in vitro techniques not only for finding protein-protein interactions, such as co-immunoprecipitations and size exclusion chromatography, but also for analyzing the exonuclease activity of Red?. Also, the interaction of DNA with Red enzymes by means of the mobility shift assays was evaluated. In parallel, in vivo tests were made with the objective of defining the stoichiometry of the intracellular concentrations of both proteins during the co-expression in E. coli. In order to reveal more about the physical coupling of Red system’s components the preliminary data of a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy assay is described with the aim of determining whether the presence of Red? has an effect on Red?’s dwell-time on its substrate.

Abstract: Human settlements have facilitated population growth and the accumulation of possessions, enabling their survival as a species. However, these positive effects have also brought along the generation of waste throughout history (Zapata&Hall, 2013). Local production of waste in urban centres has become a global issue, as an increasing population of 7 billion inhabitants (Worldometers, 2015) are daily discarding tonnes of objects and goods. By 2013, it was estimated that the generation of solid waste in the world had increased 10 times over the past century reaching 3.5 million tonnes per day (Jacquot, 2013). Two years later, this number is even higher. According with WasteAtlas (2015) we generate around 4.38 daily million tonnes of waste that usually end in dumpsites or landfills contrary to what happened in the nineteenth century, when practices of recycling and reusing were culturally and socially accepted. The culture of consumerism has come with a change on the perceptions of waste on the last decades by which we have adopted habits of throwing away, tied to constructed ideas about hygiene and the disposal of objects as a sign of prosperity and ease (Strasser, 2000). However, this new relation with waste has signified high social and environmental costs such as air and water pollution and emission of greenhouse gases (Hyman et al. 2013). Resumen: El concepto de basura responde a una clasificación definida por ideas construidas social y culturalmente. Así, prácticas como el reciclaje, anteriormente aceptadas, fueron, a través del tiempo, rechazadas por imaginarios sobre la higiene y por una sociedad de consumo. La cantidad de basura que se genera a diario en todas las ciudades del mundo, es sin duda uno de los mayores retos de nuestros tiempos. El manejo de residuos lleva consigo dinámicas ambientales y sociales que no pueden ser ignorados por la ciudadanía ni por el Estado. Esta investigación hace un análisis de algunas de las normas sobre el servicio público de aseo en Colombia y, en especial del caso de Bogotá desde el concepto de justicia ambiental, fundado en tres elementos: justa distribución de cargas y beneficios, reconocimiento y participación. Al encontrar que el modelo de aseo en Colombia ha estado basado principalmente en la generación de basuras y en la recolección y no en prácticas que contribuyan a la reducción, se presenta el caso de la Asociación de Recicladores de Bogotá y del manejo de residuos orgánicos para compostaje con el fin de conocer cómo la participación en estas dos alternativas puede contribuir a una ciudad ambientalmente más sostenible y sobretodo, más justa.

Abstract: With this dissertation my intention is to look at the ways in which Colombian migrants in London understand and mark their identity, studying migration from a material culture perspective. I analyse the different objects used by Colombians for materialising their identity in a multicultural context and also the way in which they represent themselves and the idea of the homeland appropriating the social landscape. In the process of movement and settlement the concepts of identity and social affiliation are renegotiated at three levels: regional, national and Latin American. Resumen: Por medio de este artículo la atención de la autora se centra en mirar las diferentes formas por medio de las cuales los migrantes colombianos en Londres entienden y marcan su identidad, estudiando el fenómeno de la migración desde la perspectiva de la Cultura Material. Se tienen en cuenta razones de movilización y las maneras de adaptación a esta ciudad por parte de los diferentes tipos de colombianos que allí se encuentra. Se analizan los diferentes objetos que usan los colombianos para materializar su identidad en un contexto multicultural y también las formas en las cuales se representan a si mismos y la idea de patria o país por medio apropiando el nuevo sitio de vivienda y transformando la apariencia de este. También se estudia como en el proceso de movimiento y de asentamiento los conceptos de identidad y afiliación social de los colombianos son negociados en tres niveles: regional, nacional y latinoamericano.