Resumen: Introducción: La oclusión de los injertos coronarios utilizados durante la cirugía de revascularización miocárdica es un hecho relativamente frecuente. Se ha descrito que entre el 7–15% se afectan antes de las 24 horas, y hasta un 30% al año relacionándose principalmente con errores técnicos, por lo que encontrar un método intraoperatorio que permita la identificación y corrección inmediata de las anastomosis defectuosas es una prioridad. El Doppler pulsado ofrece los requerimientos necesarios para tal fin. El objetivo principal de este estudio es demostrarlo. Material y método: Estudio longitudinal realizado entre marzo de 2012 y junio del 2016 en pacientes revascularizados quirúrgicamente en lo que los injertos coronarios elaborados fueron evaluados intraoperatoriamente utilizando Doppler pulsado. Resultados: Se estudiaron 110 enfermos predominantemente hombres mayores de 60 años, con una alta prevalencia de HTA, DM e IMA previo, y diagnostico al ingreso de SCASET, las mediciones promedio fueron: Qmed: 31,7ml/min, IP: 3,2, DFI: 70,2. El Qmed fue el que más se asoció estadísticamente con la aparición de eventos cardiacos mayores. En la regresión logística, la calidad de la revascularización de la DA destacó como el principal factor predictor de muerte (p=0,004, OR: 13,947, CI95%: 2,311 – 84,163), IMA (p=0,000, OR: 11,331, CI95%: 2,995 – 42,867) e isquemia aguda perioperatoria (p=0,049, OR: 2,864, CI95%: 0,997 – 8,222), así como en el grupo MACE (p=0,050, OR: 2,599, CI95%: 0,972 – 6,947) Conclusiones: La flujometría con Doppler pulsado demostró ser una herramienta que tiene un alto poder pronóstico como predictor de comorbilidad posoperatoria y eventos cardiacos mayores.

Abstract: A main characteristic in the poetic work of Nicanor Parra was the transgression and contrary position before the canons of language, avoiding the poetry of "Cuello y corbata". This condition is reflected throughout his work, from Quebrantahuesos (1952), where he builds sentences from newspaper clippings, as a linguistic collage. In Poemas y Antipoemas (1954) he uses a popular language in the verses rather than an ornamental lyric " Evitando la Alquimia verbal Baudelariana”. " Until the Visual Artifacts (1969-2002) where from a series of postcards he added a graphic dimension to written language. Parra's written work has been widely approached from the field of literature, philosophy and art, in contrast, little has been written about the object of study of this research, his House in La Reina, and the link with his visual and material work. Throughout the investigation, two particular conditions related to the case study were identified. The first related to the particular constitution of the house. Built progressively, "la barraca de los Parra siguió creciendo en función de las necesidades, de los materiales encontrados y de la espontaneidad de la inspiració", giving it a labyrinthine condition, and of singular appearance, as a result of the use of demolition materials in its building. In the first instance, the house is presented as a particular object, made up of parts, which sometimes do not fulfill any function beyond being the result of Parra's practical experiments. The second condition is the quality of the house as a container for particular objects, where there is no distinction between the everyday object and the artistic object. In particular, the domestic quality of the objects used by Parra in the creation of his Practical Works, the progressive transformation into art, and the condition of the house as the Locus of this process. In this case, the poet's experimentation takes place not only in the container, but in the content of the house itself. As mentioned previously, the written work has been widely approached, unlike his material and visual work, and especially the incidence of the domestic condition in his creative process. It is from the survey that was carried out of the house -framed in the Research Workshop-, the compilation of written and visual information -interviews and documentaries-, and Parra's own writings that it was possible to frame the house inside of a larger disciplinary discussion. Consequently, the hypothesis is raised that La Casa de la Reina can be understood under the figure of a House-Laboratory, where Nicanor Parra used to experiment, both with the container -the house-, and with the content -the objects. and practical operations -, questioning the idea of domesticity. Resumen: Una característica transversal en la obra poética de Nicanor Parra fue la transgresión y posición contestataria ante los cánones mismos del lenguaje, evitando la poesía de “cuello y corbata”. Esta condición se ve reflejada a lo largo de su obra, desde Quebrantahuesos (1952), en donde construye frases a partir de recortes de periódicos, a manera de collage lingüístico. En Poemas y Antipoemas (1954) hace uso de un lenguaje popular en los versos más que a una lírica ornamental “Evitando la Alquimia verbal Baudelariana”. Hasta los Artefactos Visuales (1969 -2002) en donde a partir de una serie de postales añadió una dimensión gráfica al lenguaje escrito. La obra escrita de Parra ha sido ampliamente abordada desde el campo de la literatura, la filosofía y el arte, en contraste, se ha escrito poco respecto al objeto de estudio de esta investigación, su Casa en La Reina, y el vínculo con su obra visual y material. A lo largo de la investigación se identificaron dos condiciones particulares relacionadas al caso de estudio. La primera relacionada con la constitución física particular de la casa. Construida progresivamente, “la barraca de los Parra siguió creciendo en función de las necesidades, de los materiales encontrados y de la espontaneidad de la inspiración”, dándole una condición laberíntica, y de apariencia singular, a raíz del uso de materiales de demolición en su construcción. En primera instancia la casa se presenta como un objeto particular, constituido por partes, que en ocasiones no cumplen ninguna función más allá de ser el resultado de los experimentos prácticos de Parra. La segunda condición es la cualidad de la casa como contenedor de objetos particulares, en donde no hay distinción entre el objeto cotidiano y el objeto artístico. Particularmente, la cualidad doméstica de los objetos usados por Parra en la creación de sus Trabajos Prácticos, la transformación progresiva en arte y la condición de la casa como Locus de este proceso. En este caso, la experimentación del poeta no se da solo en el contenedor, sino en el propio contenido de la casa. Como se mencionó con anterioridad, la obra escrita ha sido ampliamente abordada, a diferencia de su trabajo material, visual, y en especial, la incidencia de la condición doméstica en su proceso creativo. Es a partir del levantamiento que se realizó de la casa -enmarcado en el Taller de investigación-, la recopilación de información escrita y visual –Entrevistas y documentales-, y los propios escritos de Parra que fue posible enmarcar la casa dentro de una discusión disciplinar mayor. En consecuencia, se plantea la hipótesis, de que la casa de la Reina se puede entender bajo la figura de una Casa-Laboratorio, en donde Nicanor Parra solía experimentar, tanto con el contenedor –la casa-, como con el contenido –los objetos y operaciones prácticas–, poniendo en tela de juicio la idea de domesticidad.

The question addressed in this paper was whether a government, in a regime considered democratic, can legitimately curtail civil rights as a means of protecting public order and the sovereignty of the state. The second part of the question is what should be given priority when there is a tension between fundamental rights and the state’s duty to maintain public order. The case analyzed was the antiterrorism law passed in the Colombian Congress in December 2003. This law was one of the main strategies developed by Alvaro Uribe’s government on its first presidency period to fight terrorism. The purpose was to create a legal strategy to combat terrorism and to guarantee public order and the sovereignty of the state, which were constantly undermined by illegal armed groups. This case study reveals a tension between the government’s duty to maintain public order and individual rights – particularly the right to freedom, the right to privacy, and the right to habeas corpus. The tension in the antiterrorism law appears when the government limits first-rank rights as a means to combat acts of terrorism. In a country that faces an internal armed conflict that weakens democracy, the approval of the antiterrorism law gives too much authority to the government and jeopardizes fundamental rights and freedoms. Throughout the paper, the autor try to prove that the constraints on fundamental rights in such a scenario could result in an undermining of the constitutional regime and in the loss of democratic legitimacy.

This thesis comprises three essays on asset pricing on the stock and options markets. The …first essay …finds a positive relation between the slope of the volatility term structure and subsequent option returns. The second essay …finds a negative relation between realized skewness, extracted from high-frequency data, and stock returns. The third essay finds a negative relation between price jumps of intraday data and future stock returns.

Physical activity promotion (PAP) has reached policy agendas worldwide due to the social and economic burden that non-communicable diseases have generated. Colombia is one of the countries that have taken the challenge of promoting healthy lifestyles in order to reduce this burden and in addition, take advantage of other benefits that promoting this healthy lifestyle brings. Although some research has been done on the field, no studies related to the local government contribution were found. The local government plays a crucial role in PAP, considering that it has a great influence on the physical and social environment of a city and consequently in the individual behavior of its citizens. Additionally, it has a great responsibility concerning public health, social and economic development and environmental sustainability, aspects that are related to PAP. The present research, aims to provide a general overview on the current state of PAP in the Municipal Sport Authorities (MSAs) of one department of Colombia. In this sense, it is important to highlight that the sport sector has had a major role in PAP in the country and the department. Hence, structured interviews were conducted among heads of the MSAs of the 14 municipalities of the department and development plans were analyzed. Using this data, two main aspects were studied in order to achieve the research aim: the current PAP interventions and the conditions to promote physical activity (PA) in the department. Results indicate that the current PAP interventions have both strengths and weaknesses. Among the most important aspects, it was noticed that PAP in Risaralda has neglected important environmental determinants for PA behavior. PAP has been oriented from an “anthropic” perspective (targeting the individual). However, this seems to have had a positive effect on PA levels in the department. Concerning the conditions to promote PA, there are important findings related to the knowledge and skills of policy-makers and the management process used to develop the interventions. Some of the weaknesses found in the interventions might be related to the conditions to develop them. Recommendations to MSAs and for further research are given.

Nowadays, across the world, politic and economic models have been challenged. As part of the global agenda; urban discussions need to reposition towards enriching social and economic debates. In Bogota, Processes of urbanization have been shaped within profound conditions of inequity, rural migration and violence; generating a city socially and spatially segregated. Nevertheless, since last two decades, Bogota has been engaged in a process of transition towards the construction of more equalitarian and sustainable city. In this context, how to set up the agenda for further development strategies in the city? The aim of this thesis is to bring some ideas and questions into the debate about the construction of future models of urban development for Bogota. From the discussions and research presented we can derive some key points to have in account in terms of policies, planning and spatial strategies, and socio-economic dimensions; which can help to frame proposals about how Bogota can explore alternative strategies of urban revitalization.  Starting from acknowledging the fact that the built city is the result of multiple spatial, social and economic conditions; the concept of “Systemic revitalization”, is framed in how to introduce new uses, users and spaces, able to synergize with the existing forces and thus be able to trigger the revitalization of urban areas. Contrary to masterplanning, this model of development encourages time-based processes and multiple initiatives, done progressively whether by typological transformation or by insertion of new typologies and uses within the existing fabric.

With increased demand and high prices for minerals and metals in recent years, many resource rich developing countries see mining sector as vital to develop their economies. Colombia is one of these nations. Non-renewable natural resource wealth is seen as an opportunity to obtain economic benefits that can be transformed into increased wellbeing for citizens. However, mining often involves a high environmental impact and the risk of causing, or exacerbating social problems and conflicts in mining areas is significant. This study addresses the issue of ‘How then can mining contribute to sustainable development?’ in the Colombian context. This issue is critical – with 44% of the population in poverty, and the territory considered one of the most biodiverse in the world. Views obtained from interviews with representatives of stakeholder groups from government, industry and civil society and the content of national mining policy documents were compared with a selection of industry best practice guidelines in order to identify key issues for mining and sustainable development in the country. Best practice guidelines were principally drawn from the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Mineral, Metals and Sustainable Development policy framework and the Extractive Industries Value Chain approach. Eleven key issues were identified as important for informants: policy frameworks, institutional capacity, access to information, royalty and tax regimes, transparency, local socioeconomic development, stakeholder participation and responsibility, community trust and image, environmental performance, mine closure and illegal mining. The findings also suggest three principal gaps that need to be addressed with some priority. The focus of mining policies should be shifted from a principal focus on increased production towards sustainable development and poverty reduction objectives; better coordination between mining, environmental and national development policies and institutions towards sustainable development objectives is required; and improved technical and institutional capacity to provide an adequate assessment process and the information regarding whether the benefits from mining overcome its negative impacts ant national and local levels is needed.

The present project inquired about the perception that ernployees have about organizational culture, resistance to change and change managernent. A quantitative research was carried out with a descriptive analysis, the analysis was rnade by population groups. As a result of the research, a proposal for training in the aforernentioned topics was created in arder to support the modernization process of the District Secretary of Education

En el trabajo de investigación se identifican y analizan los conflictos existentes en las familias de los trabajadores de una empresa del sector salud en Bogotá y de qué manera afectan el desempeño laboral. El instrumento aplicado a la muestra fue un grupo focal y a partir de los resultados se diseña una propuesta de mejoramiento para la calidad de vida de los trabajadores por medio de la conciliación entre el trabajo y la familia. El documento se estructuró en cinco capítulos; en el primero se realiza la contextualización de la empresa, el segundo define y plantea el problema y la metodología, el tercero expone las teorías del tema, y el cuarto presenta los resultados obtenidos. Finalmente la propuesta y las conclusiones se presentan en el quinto capítulo.

El estrés es un tema que cada día adquiere mayor importancia por los efectos negativos que trae a las personas que lo padecen, por el aumento de situaciones sociales, laborales, familiares y particulares que lo provocan. El estrés es muy difícil definir, pero fácil de reconocer por los diferentes cambios que provoca en la persona. Especialmente se ha estudiado desde los procesos orgánicos, las alteraciones que producen en el cuerpo de la persona, menos los trastornos que provocan cambios en los campos de la emoción y del comportamiento. Por lo anterior y considerando las situaciones a las que se ven expuestos los trabajadores administrativos de la empresa constructora de Bogotá, surge la necesidad de realizar el presente estudio que pretende identificar los niveles de estrés en estos trabajadores, las principales manifestaciones como consecuencia de ello y se generó una propuesta de intervención que pretende minimizar el impacto sobre su salud y bienestar.