Abstract: Pixel art has been the constitutive visual language in video games for almost five decades. Despite being relegated to a 'retro' or 'vintage' style with the 3D arrival, pixel art has been increasingly relevant again since the rise of independent game development in the 2010s. Moreover, the video game industry's dominant trades aim for a continuous invigoration of hyper-realistic representations. In these circumstances, What is the cultural value that pixel art experience offers within the contemporary aesthetical conditions of the video game industry? This research intends to answer this question in two moments. First, determine the phenomenological experience that occurs when individuals get in contact with pixel art imagery. Secondly, evaluate the features of the phenomenological experience under philosophical terms to estimate its cultural relevance. Due to the intrinsic conditions of information disunity and unconventionality of the images, imagination appears as the fundamental driver that guides the comprehension of pixel art. The cognitive process is active and subjective, requiring the participation of the player’s imaginary mental referents. Furthermore, the qualities of this experience are congruent with philosophical aesthetical values such as the state of play, harmfulness and anaesthetization. Therefore, pixel art could be depicted as a limited, abstract and challenging proposition that needs to be expanded through the player’s productive thinking. In this way, pixel art stands as a medium that offers a distinctive and potent experience fueled by our imagination. Resumen: El pixel art ha sido el lenguaje visual constitutivo de los videojuegos durante casi cinco décadas. A pesar de quedar relegado a un estilo 'retro' o 'vintage' con la llegada del 3D, el pixel art ha vuelto a ser cada vez más relevante desde el surgimiento del desarrollo de juegos independientes en la década de 2010. Además, las producciones dominantes de la industria de los videojuegos apuntan a un fortalecimiento continuo de las representaciones hiperrealistas. En estas circunstancias, ¿cuál es el valor cultural que ofrece la experiencia del pixel art dentro de las condiciones estéticas contemporáneas? Esta investigación pretende responder a esta pregunta en dos momentos. Primero, determinar la experiencia fenomenológica que ocurre cuando las personas entran en contacto con imágenes de pixel art. Y en segundo lugar, evaluar las características de la experiencia fenomenológica en términos filosóficos para estimar su relevancia cultural. Debido a las condiciones intrínsecas de desunión de la información y la no convencionalidad de las imágenes; la imaginación aparece como el motor fundamental que guía la comprensión del pixel art. El proceso cognitivo es activo y subjetivo, requiriendo la participación de los referentes mentales imaginarios del jugador. Además, las cualidades de esta experiencia son congruentes con valores estéticos filosóficos como el estado de juego, la nocividad y la anestesia. Por lo tanto, el pixel art podría representarse como una propuesta limitada, abstracta y desafiante que debe expandirse a través del pensamiento productivo del jugador. De esta manera, el pixel art se erige como un medio que ofrece una experiencia distintiva y potente, alimentada por nuestra imaginación.

Abstract: Agriculture plays a crucial role in food security as it increases the food production, employment, and income of a country. Agriculture provides 54% of Ghana’s GDP. Inorganic fertiliser is commonly used to increase production. However, this is costly and can deplete the soil in the absence of other land husbandry techniques, affecting soil health and yield. There is an environmental benefit derived from using organic fertiliser, as it improves soil structure, but there is a need to understand the socioeconomic implications of introducing sustainable practices in farm production. This study develops a financial model to assess the effect of different fertiliser practices (fully organic, fully inorganic, and integrated organic and inorganic) on farmers’ net revenue over time and compares them to the opportunity cost of holding capital in a bank. The analysis identifies increasing yields for all practices over 19 years, but the fully organic yields grow faster than the others. Additionally, all practices show a positive net present value, implying that maize production generates better revenue than returns provided by local banks. Over time, the integrated practice produces the highest yields and net profit. The research further shows that farmers are willing to include organic fertiliser in their land management, but there is limited availability of raw materials to produce it, which represents a major barrier to adoption. Additional research on fertiliser environmental impacts in the area and changes in other capital and labour inputs caused by the different fertiliser practices is recommended. Resumen: La agricultura juega un papel fundamental en la seguridad alimentaria, debido a que contribuye a la producción de alimentos, el empleo, y los ingresos de un país. La agricultura en Ghana aporta el 54% del PIB. Los fertilizantes orgánicos son usados comúnmente para aumentar la producción. Sin embargo, aplicar fertilizantes es costoso y puede erosionar el suelo si se hace sin acompañarse de otras técnicas agrícolas, afectando la salud del suelo y el cultivo. Hay un beneficio ambiental derivado del uso de fertilizantes orgánicos, pues se mejora la estructura del suelo, pero es necesario entender las implicaciones socioeconómicas de introducir prácticas sostenibles en el campo. Este estudio desarrolla un modelo financiero para evaluar el efecto que tienen diferentes prácticas de fertilizante (completamente orgánico, integrado y completamente inorgánico) en la utilidad neta de un campesino a lo largo del tiempo, y las compara con el costo de oportunidad de invertir en un banco. El análisis identifica un incremento en las cosechas bajo todas las prácticas de fertilizante durante 19 años, y señala que la práctica completamente orgánica crece más aceleradamente que las demás. Adicionalmente, todas las prácticas demuestran un valor presente neto positivo, lo cual implica que cultivar maíz genera mayores utilidades que invertir en un banco local. Una práctica integrada produce más cosecha y mejores ganancias a lo largo del tiempo. El estudio además muestra que los campesinos están dispuestos a incluir fertilizante orgánico en su programa de administración de tierras, pero hay una disponibilidad limitada de materia prima para producirlo, lo cual representa una barrera importante para la adopción de esta práctica. Es recomendable realizar estudios adicionales para estimar el impacto ambiental que generan los fertilizantes en el área que son aplicados, y los cambios en capital y mano de obra ocasionados por un cambio en la práctica de fertilizante.

Abstract: This research paper describes and analyses the defining moments in the journey of healing from sexual violence in the context of armed conflict in Colombia. Following the experience of three women of Tamboreras del Cauca, it identifies the external and internal re- sources that facilitated their journey. Taking reconciliation as the approach and some models as reference, was possible to place this experience as an example of what it takes to restore people's story and relation- ships after trauma and how this could be a work in progress towards reconciliation in times of post-agreement in Colombia. Through in-depth interviewing, I could get close to their stories, and unfold from their narratives, what and how each element has contributed to their transformation, from the individual to the collective space. In particular, the role of the arts and metaphors to reach new levels to understand how to address traumatic experiences. From there, bring attention to the creative act and imagination behind reconciliation as a condition, in the log-term, to stable peace.

Abstract: This thesis addresses the numerical optimization of the design and scheduling of a biomethane plant integrated with a reversible solid oxide cell, amongst other technologies, that allow the processing of biogas coming from OFMSW anaerobic digestion as to maximize profitability on a yearly basis under different circumstances. The optimization model is carried out through a mixed integer linear program as to obtain the adequate sizes of the different technologies that compose the integrated energy plant whilst taking advantage of the energy and material stream interactions to reach optimal financial feasibility. The inclusion of a reversible oxide fuel cell allows the system to work in different modes as in Power-to-gas and Gas-to-power, generating interest on to the different services that the system can provide to the gas and electricity grids and most importantly to a future decarbonized energy scenario. Furthermore, inclusion of linear models for an amine scrubbing section for biomethane upgrading, a photovoltaic solar field, gas and heat storage units, a battery energy storage system and a biogas boiler into the MILP is carried out as they are part of the technologies in study for the integrated energy plant. The seasonal variability for gas and electricity prices, part load performances, size effects, weather related data, and technological modelling of components are all part of the challenges to be tackled as to obtain a MILP able to compute accurate, adequate and optimal solutions for the design and scheduling problem whilst subjected to technological, environmental and operational constraints. Resumen: Esta tesis se centra en la optimización numérica del diseño y operación de una planta de biometano integrada con una celda de hidrogeno reversible, entre otras tecnologías, que permiten el procesamiento de biogás proveniente de la digestión anaeróbica de material orgánico con el objetivo de maximizar las ganancias en temporalidad anual ante diferentes circunstancias. El modelo de optimización se lleva a cabo con un algoritmo de programación lineal de entornos mixtos para obtener los tamaños de diseño adecuados de las diferentes tecnologías que componen a la planta integrada de energía mientras se toma ventaja de las interacciones entre cada flujo de energía y/o materia para obtener la mas óptima viabilidad económica. La inclusión de una celda reversible de hidrógeno permite al sistema trabajar en diferentes modos como electricidad a gas o gas a electricidad, generando interés en los distintos servicios que el sistema puede proveer a las redes de gas y electricidad y aun más importante a un futuro escenario mundial de energético descarbonizado. Mas aún, la inclusión de modelos lineales como un sistema de mejora de la calidad del biometano mediante absorción con aminas, un campo de energía solar fotovoltaica, unidades de almacenamiento de gas y calor, un sistema de almacenamiento de energías mediante baterías y una caldera de biogás en el modelo de programación lineal es llevado a cabo pues son parte de las tecnologías en estudio para la planta energética integrada. La variación estacional por los precios de gas y electricidad, desempeño a cargas parciales, efectos de tamaños, data ambiental, y el modelado tecnológico de los componentes son parte de los retos a ser resueltos para poder obtener un MILP capaz de computar precisas, adecuadas y optimas soluciones para el problema de diseño y operación mientras se encuentra sujeto a restricciones tecnológicas, ambientales y operacionales.

Abstract: This project presents three-dimensional conceptual and numerical flow models of a gascondensate field in the foothills region of the Eastern Llanos Basin in Colombia. The Eastern Llanos Basin has been the subject of diverse studies for hydrocarbon exploitation. Over the past decade, this region has been assessed for its geothermal potential in currently exploited oil & gas fields. A gas-condensate field located in the foothills of the basin represents a promising opportunity to produce geothermal energy. The conceptual and numerical models integrate geological, geophysical, geochemical and well data to enhance the understanding of the geothermal system in a sedimentary environment. The Leapfrog Geothermal model shows that the gas-condensate field presents a structurally complex architecture, where hydrocarbons and water accumulate in an relatively permeable reservoir. Well data exhibit a constant geothermal gradient, indicating conductive heat transfer. Based on geochemical data and hydrological analyses, it is identified that meteoric recharge occurs in the Andean orogenic belt and fluid flows from NW to SE. TOUGH2 numerical simulations are developed to generate a natural state model and geothermal production scenarios, which give an estimation of water extraction in the field. The thermal and hydraulic parameters were extracted from published experimental and well data. In order to simplify this first geotermal model, and reduce the number of parameters, it is assumed that the field is completely saturated with water. The natural state model temperature field is concordant with measured well data and simulated mass flow direction confirm expected patterns. Production scenarios demonstrate that it is possible to extract water at more than 90 °C without termal breakthrough during the 30 years simulation. Thermal power calculations yield two optimistic scenarios with more than 30 MWth of heat production, and a conservative scenario with approximately 6 MWth. The conservative scenario provides a better approach to reality with current water production. Thus, this project presents the basis for further studies on geothermal development in actively exploited hydrocarbon fields.

Abstract: The VARX(1) model expressed in Vector Error Correction terms (VEC) is implemented to predict the corn futures price. To test its accuracy and performance, the results are compared to the real price and the projections obtained using an Autoregressive model (AR). The comparison contributes to the debate if multi-variate, multi-equations models outperformed simple Autoregressive models. Since immediate or contemporaneous relationships were found between the explanatory variables and the corn price, a contemporaneous model was developed as a second benchmark to test the VARX(1) model accuracy. As the third benchmark, a similar model found in the literature was used to test the results. One month-ahead, out-of-sample forecasting, is used to project the corn futures price. The results suggest that the VARX (1) outperformed the Autoregressive model, but the lagged effects of the own corn price still presented high explanatory power. The model present similar results when compared to other similar models found in the literature but underperform when compared to the contemporaneous model. Finally, the contemporaneous model developed here present important predictability and practical use for decision making in the agri-food industry.

Abstract: The prediction of polypharmacy side effects is crucial to reduce the mortality and morbidity of patients suffering from complex diseases. However, its experimental prediction is unfeasible due to the many possible drug combinations, leaving in silico tools as the most promising way of addressing this problem. This thesis improves the performance and robustness of a state-of-the-art graph convolutional network designed to predict polypharmacy side effects, by feeding it with complexity properties of the drug-protein network. The modifications also involve the creation of a direct pipeline to reproduce the results and test it with different datasets. Resumen: La predicción de los efectos secundarios en tratamientos con múltiples medicamentos es fundamental para reducir la mortalidad y la morbilidad de los pacientes que padecen enfermedades complejas. Sin embargo, su predicción experimental es inviable debido a las múltiples combinaciones posibles de fármacos, dejando las herramientas computacionales como la forma más prometedora de abordar este problema. Esta tesis mejora el rendimiento y la solidez de una red convolucional en grafos de última generación diseñada para predecir los efectos secundarios estos tratamientos, al alimentarla con propiedades de complejidad de la red fármaco-proteína. Las modificaciones también implican la creación de una canalización directa para reproducir los resultados y probarlos con diferentes conjuntos de datos.

Abstract: In order to re-envision the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Parkville Medical Precinct, it is begun by drawing key points of interest from the research conducted on hospitals and the healthcare system. The chapter will synthesize the learnings from research conducted on: the ageing population, new medical technologies, hospital logistics, campus types, and healthcare delivery models. From each area of research, it is established the key points of interest and how they may be applied in the field of design medical infrastructure. These points allowed consider the possible design opportunities within the Parkville medical precinct. From this research method, it is able to gain a further understanding of the logistics of a hospital, and what elements can be incorporated into the design of the precinct. Most importantly, by undertaking this exercise, we were able to uncover relationships that were not evident from a top-down site simplified site analysis perspective. Design as a research tool opens a wide range of opportunities for urban design that reaches across many different disciplines and cross them, providing unexpected creative outcomes.

Abstract: The rapid and ongoing process of urbanisation in Bogota has brought about significant socio-spatial segregation between city-dwellers. Such segregation is becoming increasingly complex as patterns of fragmentation are evolving towards a more ‘cellular’ differentiation between rich and poor –urban segregation which changes in terms of scale: from macro (neighbourhoods) to micro scales (blocks, streets). Urban segregation has been associated as a barrier for disadvantaged communities, especially when it becomes an intensifier of inequalities. Unequal access to services, availability of local employment, urban facilities, opportunities and supportive social relationships are examples of how segregation affects the distribution of quality of life, undermines attempts for social inclusion and, ultimately, creates unjust geographies. Alongside this context, public policy and measurements of quality of life have frequently overlooked spatial contexts of inequalities since a utility-based definition of well-being is often taken for granted. With the city of Bogota as a testing ground, this thesis analyses how and to what extent new patterns of urban segregation affect the distribution of capabilities and quality of life among young adults. Based on a capability place-based approach to wellbeing, this research will attempt to conceptualise urban quality of life, look at how patterns of urban segregation affect urban functionings, and quantify to what extent microsegregation explains differentials in capability achievement of quality of life among young adults in Bogota.

Resumen: Un acercamiento y comparación de los métodos usados para la evaluación y participación de comunidades afectadas por la ejecución de obras de infraestructura de interés nacional respecto de los métodos o reglamentos alemanes vigentes a la fecha en los dos países. Como producto de esta tesis se generó un borrador de reglamento que integra los métodos colombianos con los alemanes en los casos de éxito.