Este libro recoge, convenientemente actualizados, materiales que han ido apareciendo bajo la fórmula de artículos de revistas o que han sido objeto de comunicaciones y ponencias, pero aporta tambien novedades historiográficas.

Reflexionar sobre los procesos que confluyen en la generación, el cuidado y el desarrollo de la vida y sobre las condiciones que la hacen digna y gratifican te, es una necesidad de primer orden para la sociedad y particularmente para las mujeres, por cuanto la salud ha sido escenario de múltiples violencias invisibles, tanto en el campo de los dispositivos discursivos como en las prácticas asistenciales que reproducen las relaciones de poder patriarcal. En este contexto, quisimos que el primer numero de la revista "En otras palabras ... " fuera un homenaje a la vida y para ello sus artículos dedican especial atención a las relaciones Salud, Mujer y Sociedad.

Abstract: Liquid Homes is a study about migration based on social sciences theories, contemporary films, and my personal experiences. Within this understanding of migration, the concept of Home is identified as a physical and imaginary place pertaining to all individual of society, to which civil rights and urbanism are related, and which is in constant tension in a global system because of the processes of modernity, the development of industrialisation and capitalism. In this text an analysis of contemporary migration is proposed throughout films produced during the European migrant crisis (2015- ), to do a critical analysis about the approach and representation in films of the migrant population and to suggest recognition, humanism and familiarity with migrant communities and their civil rights. It was my last evening in Lisbon crossing the Tejo river in a ferry going to the other side of the city. We came over the second floor and sat down on the chairs with the windows facing the sunset. She was looking at messages on her mobile phone, while I was looking at the colour and shadows projected on her face. Suddenly she surprised and said: A bomb has exploded in the main harbour of Beirut. It is when this story about Liquid Homes started. Until this moment I had not any mental map of Lebanon, I knew it was part of the „Middle East” region with an Arabic culture. She told me she has some friends in Beirut because she was doing her field based research thesis in a Palestinian Refugee Camp called Shatila. I guess that the mixture of feelings between her and me at that moment have impressed in my memory the need to understand Shatila. Feelings about the beginning and the finishing of new stages of our lives, moving again of (from/to) homes, in different non-established houses, around different people, different languages and geographies. In my case, feelings of coming back to a place with legal rules made to make it the hardest for foreigners and for their establishment of a normal life, a hostile place in an economic way, where you are not welcome if you are not coming to produce or give money to the society. With the time I have understood that Shatila is a “Liquid Home” for its inhabitants. As a “new city” is for migrants. A “Liquid Home” is a place for waiting - for the return or for continuing towards the desired land and the desired lifestyle, with the difference that for people in Shatila and their parents before them were born there, but they do not have legal right over the land nor over pretty much anything in the place they inhabit. I identify a liquid home as the space constructed to be easily changed according to political international movements, according to the economic profit of international relationships under the flagship of solidarity. An artificial urbanization made with modular materials to be easily moved and articulated, where the architecture of the houses, of the streets, of the daily human relations can be withdrawn from their users as an expropriation not just of their houses but as well of their civil rights. As a nobody, who occupy the territory, liquid homes are a result of liquid societies, a modernisation of the urban lifestyle understood within Zygmunt Bauman’s analysis of the late modernity, where the reality of the inhabitants of the society is made to allow constant and contrasting changes. The objective of this writing is to describe how the phenomenon of migration, cities and citizenship have been told in cinema from 2015 until now, and to analyse different approaches, methods of research and filming migration and the noncitizenship, using cinema as a cultural expression that reflects the modern thinking and troubles of a migration society. I will also use personal notes as an ethnographic research method, reflecting my experience as a foreigner and all that not having a citizenship in the place where I live has meant.

Abstract: The promotion of education as a human right became part of the discourse of international aid agencies and banks since the end of WWII. Consequently, studies of development have examined the conditions under which education becomes a driver of socio-economic progress under three theories: “modernization”, “human capital”, and “dependency”. Previous research has not agreed on the impact of education on inequalities and mainly adopted a quantitative approach. This dissertation implements a mixed-methods approach to examine context-specific variables in comparative education with the “dependency” theory. The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 generated great losses in human capital accumulation. In Latin America, one of the most unequal regions in the world, the impact of school disruption increased drop-out rates and forced governments to generate measures to mitigate learning losses. This dissertation examines through a comparative analysis to what extent remote learning policies implemented during COVID-19 reduced inequality gaps in Chile and Colombia, with a particular focus on secondary education. Moreover, as intervening variables, it selects two neoliberal characteristics: privatization and government intervention. Colombia and Chile implemented multimodal education policies during COVID-19. However, in Colombia, school closures lasted longer than in Chile. The PISA exam forecast of the World Bank also suggests that education inequality gaps in secondary education increased after the pandemic, with greater inequalities in Colombia. Moreover, the Gini coefficient shows that Colombia has been more unequal than Chile before and after COVID-19. Lastly, the analysis of the intervening variables shows that remote learning policies were unable to reduce inequalities and mainly favoured private institutions and urban areas. Finally, as part of the lessons, this research suggests that the neo-liberal characteristics of both countries marked a difference in the implementation of policies. Moreover, the lack of information incentivised the adoption of good practices that become suitable policy alternatives when adapted to local needs. Lastly, this research evidences the need for LAC to include technological tools in their education systems to respond to future crises.

Abstract: Interventions of the built environment at the neighborhood level allow for evaluating the effects of these changes on sociodemographic variables of the residents. In 2011, the local mayor's office of Medellín-Colombia began the construction of outdoor escalators in Las Independencias neighborhood to improve transportation times for its residents. This study assesses the effect of urban renewal on the violence and average income of Las Independencias. Mixed methods are used, employing a quasi-experimental design in which the synthetic control method is utilized to estimate the causal effect and a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews is applied to identify mechanisms of change. To assess the impact on the homicides per km2, 14 neighborhoods are used in the donor pool and 10 neighborhoods for the average household income. Regarding the qualitative methods, 10 semi-structured interviews were analyzed with an average of 24 minutes. It was not possible to draw causal effect conclusions of the effect of the change in built environment over homicides due to a poor fit of the pre-intervention trends. However, one year before the intervention, Las Independencias had a homicide rate of .118 per km2 (way above synthetic Las Independencias 0.0981) and one year after the intervention this rate was (.0157373) below the synthetic control (0.049). The residents of the neighborhood perceive that crime has decreased in recent years and attribute the change to the investment in the escalators, which has generated a chain of events that over time had a positive impact on security. The mechanisms through which the escalators produced this impact are identified in the interviews: the strengthening of social efficacy, greater police and State presence, greater job opportunities, reduction of relative depravity and the interest of the Combos in maintaining security. Regarding the average household income, the quantitative results estimate that in the period immediately after the construction of the stairs, the income of Las Independencias decreased more than that of the synthetic control, indicating a negative effect. From 2013 to 2016 there is evidence of a positive trend, but it is still below the synthetic control and only in 2017 is there a positive effect compared to the synthetic Las Independencias. In 2019, a significant drop in income is observed compared to the synthetic control. The qualitative results indicate that the impact of the escalators was consolidated until 2016 with a greater influx of tourists. Residents believe that economic opportunities have improved, the quality of life has increased, and the neighborhood has become an ""economic paradise."" The dependence on tourism meant that in 2019 COVID strongly affected the finances of the neighborhood, which is reflected in the quantitative results. The results of this study show that in the context of low and middle-income countries, low-cost structural interventions can be conducted that impact people's quality of life, their possibilities to generate income, and their security.

Abstract: The research studies the role of Architects performing as Design Managers in construction projects. It reflects on the industry’s shifting environment, where architects, once central members in project delivery, are increasingly being displaced by new disciplines, technicians and suppliers. The dissertation identifies Design Management, a function of Project Management, as a strategic position from which architects can improve projects’ value. As Design Managers, architects can integrate their knowledge in space creation with Project Management skills to improve project performance in terms of budget, schedule, and spatial, social and environmental qualities. The role was studied through two case studies; two stations for UK’s High-Speed 2 (HS2) programme: The redevelopment of Euston Station in London, and the new station development at Old Oak Common. Data was collected from nine semi-structured interviews with Design Managers and design team members working on one of these projects. The research findings indicated that projects as large and complex as these require Design Managers from multiple backgrounds, among which architects have significant opportunities to increase value capture. Although the role is mostly concerned with Project Management tasks, the Design Manager’s background -in this case, architecture- enables them to increase value capture beyond projects’ basic requirements. Architects as Design Managers can integrate multidisciplinary designs considering how they can improve users’ experience and the project’s connection to their communities and environment to create more human and inviting projects with a long-term value perspective. Resumen: La investigación estudia el rol de los arquitectos desempeñándose como gestores de diseño en proyectos de construcción. Es una reflexión en el entorno cambiante de la industria en donde los arquitectos, alguna vez actores centrales del desarrollo de proyectos, han sido gradualmente desplazados por otras disciplinas, técnicos y proveedores. Esta tesis identifica la Gestión de Diseño, una función de Gestión de proyectos, como una posición estratégica dese la que los arquitectos pueden mejorar el valor de los proyectos. Como Gestores de Diseño, los arquitectos pueden integrar su conocimiento en creación de espacio con habilidades de Gestión de Proyectos para mejorar el desempeño de los proyectos en términos de presupuesto, cronograma y calidad espacial, social y ambiental. El rol se estudió a través de dos casos de estudio; dos estaciones para el programa de El tren de alta velocidad HS2 en Reino Unido: El desarrollo de la estación de Euston en Londres y el nuevo desarrollo de la estación Old Oak Common. Los datos se recolectaron a partir de nueve entrevistas semi-estructuradas con gestores de diseño y otros profesionales participando en estos proyectos. Los hallazgos indicaron que los proyectos de esta escala y complejidad requieren gestores de diseño con múltiples trayectorias profesionales, entre los cuales, los arquitectos tienen una oportunidad significativa de capturar valor. Aunque el rol está en gran parte asociado a tareas de Gestión de Proyectos, la experiencia del profesional desempeñándolo -en este caso, arquitectura- permite la captura de valor por encima de los requerimientos básicos del proyecto. Los arquitectos como gestores de diseño pueden integrar diseños multidisciplinarios, considerando como mejorar la experiencia de los usuarios, y la integración del proyecto con sus comunidades y su entorno para generar proyectos más humanos, acogedores y con una perspectiva de valor a largo plazo.

Abstract: This research questions how ‘human rights’ are used in a parliamentary inquiry on the coercive or involuntary sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia. Throughout three chapters, the thesis breaks down ‘human rights’ as a concept and as a practical approach in development programming. Chapter two delves into the multiple understandings of rights in the development literature and incorporates contributions from legal anthropology and the field of the social studies of science and technology to understand human rights in the development context. Chapter three proposes an “ethnography in the archives” as a methodological design that pushes disciplinary boundaries to understand the value of documents and arguments in how different stakeholders inside and outside of the development field engage with issues such as the coercive sterilisation of people with disabilities. Finally, chapter four offers an analysis derived from 82 documents presented in the parliamentary inquiry in Australia. This chapter shows this thesis’s main argument: That human rights differ from what this research calls ‘everyday rights’, which are the claims articulated by people drawing upon their lived experiences rather than human rights treaties or arguments. This argument sheds light on how development practice often faces a gap between what the stated outcomes are in terms of Human Rights-Based Approaches and the practical realities of rights claims. Resumen: Esta investigación cuestiona cómo se utilizan los 'derechos humanos' en una investigación parlamentaria sobre la esterilización coercitiva o involuntaria de personas con discapacidad en Australia. A lo largo de tres capítulos, la tesis desglosa los 'derechos humanos' como concepto y como enfoque práctico en el mundo del desarrollo. El capítulo dos profundiza en las múltiples interpretaciones de los derechos en la literatura sobre desarrollo e incorpora contribuciones de la antropología jurídica y el campo de los estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnología para comprender los derechos humanos en el contexto del desarrollo. El capítulo tres propone una “etnografía en los archivos” como un diseño metodológico que traspasa los límites disciplinarios para comprender el valor de los documentos y argumentos sobre cómo diferentes actores dentro y fuera del campo del desarrollo se involucran con temas como la esterilización forzada de personas con discapacidad. Finalmente, el capítulo cuatro ofrece un análisis derivado de 82 documentos presentados en la investigación parlamentaria en Australia. Este capítulo muestra el argumento principal de esta tesis: que los derechos humanos difieren de lo que esta investigación llama “derechos cotidianos”, que son los reclamos articulados por personas basándose en sus experiencias vividas en lugar de tratados o argumentos de derechos humanos. Este argumento arroja luz sobre cómo la práctica del desarrollo a menudo enfrenta una brecha entre los resultados esperados de los enfoques basados en los derechos humanos y las realidades prácticas de los reclamos de derechos.

Abstract: According to legal positivists like Raz and Kelsen, natural law theorists deny the legal validity of unjust laws. John Finnis, presumably one of the most prominent defenders of the natural law tradition in recent years, famously argues against this claim. In this essay I argue against Finnis's defence of the classical natural law tradition. In particular, I argue that Finnis fails to show that the positivist objection against natural law theories misfires. After reviewing the works of Thomas Aquinas and Francisco Suárez, I conclude that the legal validity objection posed by positivists could very well be applicable to the naturalist theories of both Aquinas and Suárez, because of which Finnis is wrong in his defence. Resumen: De acuerdo con positivistas como Raz y Kelsen, los iusnaturalistas niegan la validez legal de las leyes injustas. John Finnis, quizás uno de los más famosos defensores del derecho natural clásico en años recientes, famosamente afirma que los positivistas se equivocan a este respecto. En este ensayo argumento que la defensa que hace Finnis del derecho natural falla. Tras revisar las obras de Tomás de Aquino y De Francisco Suárez, concluyo que la objeción realizada por los positivistas podría aplicarse a las teorías de tanto Aquino como Suárez, por lo cual la defensa de Finnis es errónea.

Para acceder a las portadas de los 3 volúmenes que componen la tésis de maestría, clic aquí: https://www.canva.com/design/DAFO8yIGsjY/QPOv4oQdbF9jDAEGYDuNA/view?utm_content=DAFO8yIGsjY&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source= Résumé: En didactique des langues étrangères et seconde, le rôle tenu par les méthodes d’enseignement-apprentissage est central afin de guider les pratiques enseignantes pour ensuite, permettre d’atteindre les objectifs conçus par le CECR. C’est ainsi que les méthodes d’enseignement sont, d’une part, un élément formateur de l’enseignant et d’autre part, offrent un bon point de départ dans la discussion du comment faire. De même, les manuels évoluent et s’adaptent compte tenu, entre autres, des méthodologies en vogue, du contexte institutionnel présenté et des pratiques enseignantes mises en place. C’est donc en partant de ce principe que nous avons proposé, lors du mémoire de recherche du master 2, le manuel d'enseignement du FLE “Nouveautés 1”. Ce manuel, composé de trois volumes (livre de l’apprenant, guide pédagogique et volumen théorique) naît lors des échanges avec des apprenants de l’Institut International de langues de L'université Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, à Tunja en Colombie au cours d’un stage d’apprentissage- enseignement en premier semestre de 2021. Resumen: En la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras y de segundas lenguas, el papel que juegan los métodos de enseñanza-aprendizaje es central para orientar las prácticas docentes y alcanzar con éxito los objetivos diseñados por el MCER (Marco Común Europeo de Enseñanza para las Lenguas). De esta forma, los métodos de enseñanza son, por un lado, un elemento formativo para el docente y, por otro lado, ofrecen un buen punto de partida en la discusión de ¿cómo hacerlo? Los manuales de aprendizaje evolucionan y se adaptan teniendo en cuenta, entre otras cosas, las metodologías en boga, el contexto institucional presentado y las prácticas docentes implementadas. Por lo tanto, sobre la base de este principio, propusimos, durante la tésis del máster 2, el manual de enseñanza FLE ""Nouveautés 1"". Este manual se compone de tres volúmenes (libro de aprendizaje del estudiante, guía didáctica para el docente y volumen teórico) y nació gracias a intercambios con estudiantes del Instituto Internacional de Idiomas de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, en Tunja en Colombia durante una pasantía de aprendizaje-docencia en el primer semestre de 2021.

Abstract: Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) and robotic gait orthoses are rehabilitation technologies that help patients who have lost their normal gait function due to conditions such as spinal cord injury or stroke. FES promotes active muscle contractions that facilitate the rehabilitation process, while the Lokomat (an automated gait orthosis developed by Hocoma in collaboration with Balgrist University Hospital) provides passive limb movements that help to restore and increase mobility. The goal of this project was to combine both technologies in order to improve the beneficial effects that they provide individually. For that purpose, a control algorithm was developed for real-time Linux using an Iterative Learning Control approach in parallel with feedback control. The system was implemented on the ankle and knee joints. The ankle was controlled using a desired angle based on medical literature, while the knee was controlled using a reference force trajectory measured on subjects inside the Lokomat under high-effort conditions. As an alternative to force control on the knee, angle control was implemented for experiments in the lab. The controllers were tested on healthy subjects with and without the inclusion of voluntary movement. Based on these tests, we show the advantages and disadvantages of the control scheme and the physical setup, and give ideas for further improvement. Resumen: La estimulación eléctrica funcional (FES) y las ortesis de marcha robótica son tecnologías de rehabilitación que ayudan a los pacientes que han perdido su función de marcha normal debido a afecciones como una lesión de la médula espinal o un accidente cerebrovascular. FES promueve contracciones musculares activas que facilitan el proceso de rehabilitación, mientras que Lokomat (una órtesis de marcha automatizada desarrollada por Hocoma en colaboración con el Hospital Universitario Balgrist) proporciona movimientos pasivos de las extremidades que ayudan a restaurar y aumentar la movilidad. El objetivo de este proyecto fue combinar ambas tecnologías para mejorar los efectos beneficiosos que proporcionan individualmente. Para ello, se desarrolló un algoritmo de control para Linux en tiempo real utilizando un enfoque de control por aprendizaje iterativo en paralelo con el control de retroalimentación. El sistema se implementó en las articulaciones del tobillo y la rodilla. El tobillo se controló usando un ángulo deseado basado en la literatura médica, mientras que la rodilla se controló usando una trayectoria de fuerza de referencia medida en sujetos dentro del Lokomat bajo condiciones de alto esfuerzo. Como alternativa al control de fuerza en la rodilla, se implementó el control de ángulo para experimentos en el laboratorio. Los controladores se probaron en sujetos sanos con y sin la inclusión de movimiento voluntario. Con base en estas pruebas, mostramos las ventajas y desventajas del esquema de control y la configuración física, y brindamos ideas para mejoras adicionales.