Los acuerdos de participación conjunta en licitaciones (JBAs por sus siglas en inglés) y los acuerdos de áreas de mutuo interés (AMIs) son comúnmente utilizados en la industria petrolera. Estos acuerdos incluyen cláusulas que limitan el derecho a competir entre las partes con el fin de garantizar que las firmas que comparten información confidencial, know how, tecnología y capital para desarrollar proyectos de exploración y explotación conjunta recibirán la porción correspondiente de los beneficios acordados. Este tipo de acuerdos de colaboración entre competidores le permite a las firmas compartir la exposición al riesgo, alcanzar sinergias y participar en esta industria intensiva en capital. Sin embargo, la pregunta que permanece abierta es cómo determinar si cláusulas que incorporan compromisos de licitar conjuntamente, que se incluyen en los JBAs y los AMIs, son ilegales a la luz del régimen de competencia de los Estados Unidos y si son proclives a ser investigadas por las autoridades de competencia de este país. Debidamente interpretado, el caso SGI Interest del Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos arroja luces sobre la cuestión de la siguiente manera: Las cláusulas que incorporan compromisos de licitar conjuntamente, que son parte de un acuerdo de colaboración más amplio que contempla la realización de actividades mancomunadas de producción, no son ilegales pe se y tampoco son proclives a ser investigadas por esta autoridad de competencia. Joint Bidding Agreements (“JBAs”) and Area of Mutual Interest Agreements (“AMI Agreements”) are commonly used in the oil and gas industry. These agreements include provisions that condition the right to compete so as to guarantee that companies pooling confidential information, know how, technology and capital for pursuing petroleum exploration and production projects will receive the agreed portion of the benefits. These kinds of competitor collaboration enable companies to share exposure to risk, accrue synergies and participate in this capital intensive industry. However, the question that remains open is how to determine whether joint bidding provisions, commonly included in agreements such as JBAs and AMI, are unlawful under US antitrust regulations and whether they are likely to be challenged by the US antitrust authorities. Properly interpreted, the SGI Interests’ case issued by the US Department of Justice sheds light on the matter as follows: joint bidding provisions, which are part of broad collaborations that contemplate subsequent joint productive activity, are neither per se unlawful nor likely to be challenged by this authority.

The Latin American population in Sweden has been increasing, and Colombians accounted for 17-24 % of the total migrant population in the last 5 years. In migration, acculturation is a process where individual changes take place as a result of contact with other culturally dissimilar people, which is known by influencing positively or negatively the health status of immigrants. Different studies have examined migration and health status, health access and barriers of consultation. However, there is a lack of information regarding immigrants’ attitudes towards health services and the influence on health-seeking behaviors. The aim was to explore the attitudes and experiences that Colombian immigrants had in their first interaction with the primary healthcare center (Vårdcentral). More specifically, it sought to explore differences or similarities in the attitudes and experiences of the Swedish healthcare system compared those from Colombia. Consequently, eight semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with Colombian immigrants living in the south of Sweden using a snowball-sampling technique. A qualitative manifest and a latent content analysis were used for the analysis and interpretation of results. Three themes emerged from the analysis: ‘The language: playing the same game’, referred to the relevance of language providing autonomy and connecting with the new context. ‘The Swedish healthcare system: The disillusion when starting over’, referred to the contrasting perceptions of immigrants in their first interaction with the Vårdcentral, indicating a shock that made them change their health-seeking behaviors. ‘Acculturation is like going on a long pathway’: described the transition of personal thoughts and actions with the healthcare system, which constituted steps in the process of adapting to the Swedish Culture. Acculturation is a complex process that includes encounters with the healthcare system. Interventions, in healthcare, that facilitate immigrants to better adjust to a new society are required in order to ensure the acceptation of attitudes and practices leading to gains in health and well-being.

The investigations of the parameter's analysis are used for the design, construction and qualification of standardized evaluations show that this allows to establish the quality and compliance of the objectives of the evaluation programs based on the quantification of the parameters and a subsequent analysis of the results, in the same way, in analysis of evaluative programs, leads to these improve their processes and in this way fulfill their function and educational objectives. For this reason, it is convenient to ask how the mixed analysis of items of the Martes de Prueba evaluation program can contribute to the improvement of its design and construction processes? To answer this question, a mixed analysis was carried out on the items of the Martes de Prueba® evaluation program regarding the parameters of difficulty and discrimination.

This research is focused in the teaching of cognitive and metacognitive Reading strategies, in order to contribute in de development of reading comprehension. The intervention took place in the Cambridge International School located in the municipality of La Calera, with Seventh Grade students. The principal difficulties presented in this specific researched group, were the low reading comprehension and appropriation of new reading strategies, those were evident in the low scores of the different standardized texts applied by the Institution. For this reason, Isabel Sole, Juana Pinzas, Cassany, Santiago, Castillo y Mateus among other authors were referred. As a possible solution, it is necessary to implement a transversal curriculum, taking into account the scholar level, so it will permit the tuition of cognitive and metacognitive strategies in the different disciplinary areas and so them would be totally diploid. In conclusion, the implementation of cognitive and metacognitive strategies suit the reading comprehension processes, because it permits the student to be conscious about his reading process, but it must be modeled by teachers and be taught through the academic life of a student.

El presente documento de tesis es una investigación de tipo documental cuyo objetivo fue categorizar los hallazgos y las perspectivas de investigación en el campo de las habilidades necesarias y los contextos facilitadores para el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura en niños en etapa pre-escolar. Se plantea la importancia del tema en el campo pedagógico, debido a que la consolidación de la lectoescritura subyace a otros procesos de aprendizaje escolar. Se describen algunas perspectivas teóricas que han abordado e! tema desde diferentes nociones sobre el desarrollo infantil. Los resultados de la revisión se presentan y discuten en diferentes categorías de análisis, para luego proponer una reflexión integradora y critica de los mismos.

This study showed how worksheets based on vocabulary learning strategies contributed to the development of fourth grade students’ writing. This study was conducted in a public, rural school with fifteen students in Cajicá, Colombia. The data gathering instruments were field notes, students’ artifacts and tests. The study followed the qualitative approach and was developed under the action research methodology. The findings indicated that the design of worksheets based on vocabulary strategies made students feel motivated not only to learn new words, but also to understand the strategies that allowed them to start the process of writing. Moreover, the writing strategies were a successful approach for students because they learned how to write simple sentences. Also, using the models provided they could write simple paragraphs. Finally, all of these activities allowed students to improve their performance. This study helped learners feel motivated to learn faster and encouraged them to understand the importance of the use of vocabulary, to learn new strategies and to value meaningful writing feedback.

Imaginar el pasado a través de la arquitectura, es una propuesta didáctica que busca revitalizar el sentido de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la historia a través del uso de la imagen de las edificaciones, motivando al estudiante a identificar las características estilísticas y de los materiales que posee la construcción, para ubicarlo dentro de un contexto cronológico y anecdótico, procurando ambientar el quehacer histórico y en particular, de una época estudiada con el referente objeto de estudio. A partir de esta propuesta, y durante la etapa de aplicación de los instrumentos de investigación, se percibió cómo los estudiantes asimilaban y asociaban las edificaciones, los espacios urbanos y los estilos arquitectónicos, con la Historia de Colombia.

The present work is the result of an investigation that sought to strengthen the development of numerical thinking in students in extraneous condition linked to the "Back to School Program" framed in the flexible educational model "Acceleration of Leaming" developed in the Paulo VI district school located in the city of Bogotá. The research was carried out with the Research-Action (Al) methodology in which the results obtained from 17 students were described to whom eight instruments were applied during ten class sessions in which the use of the abacus was used as a strategy didactic to favor better academic and cognitive results against different aspects that involve numerical thinking. The analysis of the results was made from two categories, which are numerical thinking and cognitive strategies, in order to show significant changes in the attitude towards learning mathematics, in particular aspects such as the numerical sense, the understanding of numbers and numbering, understanding of the concept of operations, calculations with numbers and applications of numbers and operations, Piagetian reversibility, representation system and concrete, pictorial and symbolic representation.

This work is based on the interest of providing recommendations so that the math teacher can use metacognition in students. A first.step was to inquire about the term of metacognition and its importance in education, then about the components of metacognition and its development in students. Difficulties are mentioned that can occur in the leaming of mathematics. A survey is applied that evaluates metacognition in terms of knowledge, metacognitive experiences and cognitive self­ regulation under six factors to fifth grade students and based on these results descriptions of findings are made to conclude with possible recomrnendations to be applied in a classroom.

The research project analyzes the management of the teachers of the rural centers of the Departmental Educational Institution de Nocaima. In this way it has been possible to identify and recognize the work of teachers, inside and outside the classroom, in a rural context. As a result, alternatives are proposed for the improvement of teaching performance. Finally it contributes with the Educational Institution, because it shows a panorama in which the rural teachers are developed, allowing to rescue the positive reaches and to improve the conditions or difficulties from collective strategies that seek to benefit the Institution.