A technological and environmental alternative has been studied for about a decade to reduce the consumption of coal. It consists of substitute one part of the coal by biomass (neutral generated of CO2) in a co-_ring process. The co-_ring process consists of the controlled combustion of two or more fuels in the same burner. According to research performed in the US and Europe this process has economic and technical viability. And depending on the characteristics of the fuel, this process can contribute reducing the greenhouse gases (GHG). This thesis presents a methodological proposal to analyze and evaluate a thermoelectric power plant from the exergoenviromental point of view, operating in co-_ring process and using coal and biomass. The boundary of the problem is composed by the power plant and the technological paths to obtain and manipulate the fuels. Exergy is used in the thermodynamic analysis and the life cycle assessment method is proposed to quantify the environmental impact. The climate change category was used following the global warming potential index. Two scenarios were evaluated: scenario A corresponds to the power plant operating with 100% coal and scenario B corresponds to the power plant operating in co-_ring with 90% of coal and 10% of biomass. The technological route used for the coal is established between the southern mineral region of the state of Santa Catarina and the Jorge Lacerda thermoelectric power plant complex, which is located at Capivari de Baixo. The information utilized for the biomass path was obtained from the research performed in the thermoelectric power plant complex. The purpose of this task was to use the biomass from the rice farms as fuel. The analysis showed that the power plant is largely responsible for exergy destruction. Moreover it has the largest generated impact associated with the analyzed category. From these results, an exergoenvironmental analysis for the representative thermodynamic cycle was performed. The results showed that the boiler constitutes the equipment with the largest potential of improvement.  Finally, an exergoenvironmental global index was proposed to compare the exergoenvironmental impact of the thermoelectric generation process for both scenarios, which were compared with Carnot cycle scenario. The exergoenvironmental global index showed that 11% improvement is possible for the scenario B when compared with scenario A without taking in account the biomass microbial decomposition and up to the 35% when the decomposition was considered.

El tema de este trabajo es el estudio de la época de la Violencia en Colombia (1946-1964) a través del cine que representa este periodo histórico, planteando de antemano una reflexión alrededor de la capacidad del cine para interpretar el pasado y sobre lo que este puede aportar en la discusión histórica, en este caso sobre el fenómeno de la Violencia. El texto está dividido en tres capítulos. En el primer capítulo expongo el debate que existe alrededor del cine y la historia, haciendo un recuento de los debates que se han generado alrededor de este tema y cómo ha evolucionado la cuestión hasta nuestros días. En el segundo capítulo y siguiendo una línea más académica, hago un recuento histórico de la época de la Violencia en Colombia, para ubicar al lector en el contexto y poder analizar las películas con un criterio basado en los textos académicos que se han escrito sobre el periodo. En el tercer capítulo analizo tres películas realizadas en épocas diferentes que tratan el fenómeno de la Violencia desde varias perspectivas, las películas son: El Río de las Tumbas de Julio Luzardo (1964), Cóndores no entierran todos los días de Francisco Norden (1984) y La Sargento Matacho de Wiliam González (2015). The theme of this work is the analysis of the era of La Violencia in Colombia (1946-1964) through cinema which explores this historical period, proposing beforehand a reflection about the capacity of cinema to interpret the past and how it can contribute to the historical discussion, in this case; the phenomenon of La Violencia. The text is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter I present the debate that exists around cinema and history, recounting the debates that have been generated around this topic and how the issue has evolved to the present day. In the second chapter and following a more academic line, I make a historical account of the era of La Violencia in Colombia, to locate the reader in the context and to be able to analyze the films with a criteria based on the academic texts that have been written on the period. In the third chapter I analyze three films made at different times dealing with the phenomenon of La Violencia from various perspectives, the films are: The River of the Tombs of Julio Luzardo (1964), Condors do not bury all the days of Francisco Norden (1984) and La Sargento Matacho by Wiliam González (2015).

El presente trabajo de fin de máster tiene por objetivo ofrecer un análisis del impacto en los precios de los medicamentos a partir del cambio en la financiación de los medicamentos en España derivados de la introducción del RDL 16/2012, también conocido como el ‘medicamentazo’. Además se ofrecerá una perspectiva de los retos futuros y cambios en el entorno de competencia para la industria farmacéutica, así como las diferentes estrategias adoptadas por los laboratorios en el acceso al mercado.

Pregnancy during adolescence is a worldwide public health concern. In developing countries, 14 million adolescents give birth each year, which accounts for 90% of all worldwide pregnancies. The proportion of adolescent women aged 10-19 whom have been pregnant in Mitú, Colombia is of approximately 25%, in comparison to 19.5% at the national level. This report aims to review the effectiveness and identifying best practice of adolescent pregnancy interventions in low and middle income countries and use formative research to make specific recommendations for policy and practice to prevent adolescent pregnancy in Mitú, Colombia. EMBASE, Medline, CINHAL, Cochrane library, GLOBAL HEALTH, ADOLEC, Popline, LILACS and REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LIBRARY were searched to identify studies examining adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries. GOOGLE was searched to identify grey literature. Five semi-structured interviews were also conducted with key service providers in the field of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Mitú to explore the needs of the region in regards to adolescent pregnancy prevention and the barriers and facilitators for programme implementation. The literature review found that adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions in developing countries had a positive impact on the knowledge of pregnancy prevention and may contribute to the delay of sexual initiation. However, impact on the use of contraceptive methods and reduction of adolescent pregnancy inconclusive. Interviews revealed key societal, familial and individual factors that were viewed to be linked to adolescent pregnancy in Mitú. Relationships between military personnel and young women appeared to be an important factor in high teenage pregnancy rates. Barriers for the adequate implementation and continuation of programmes included lack of political commitment, lack of financial, human and material resources and lack of inter-institutional collaboration, the high rate of staff turnover and the lack of monitoring programmes. Only few facilitators were mentioned that consisted mainly in the willing of both adolescent and military to collaborate in the implementation of adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions. In conclusion, evidence suggests that adolescent pregnancy prevention strategies are effective in increasing knowledge of pregnancy and might delay sexual initiation in low and middle-income countries. Features of effective programmes were identified and discussed and are important in designing and developing new strategies. However, cultural, environmental and social barriers need to be addressed through political commitment and inter-institutional collaboration in order to develop effective interventions for pregnancy prevention in Mitú.

The central system for generating genetic diversity and protecting the genomic integrity of replicating cells, from bacteria to humans, involves the homologous recombination (HR) machinery. It involves the process of exchange of molecules between DNA strands using the homology sequences. Because these machineries are highly efficient and precise it has become a useful analytical tool for the bacterial geneticists, thus, the engineering recombinant DNA molecules by homologous recombination, method called recombineering, is functional for sequence deletions, substitutions, or insertions. Under some conditions, the phage-mediated recombination system can be provided in E. coli by the ? phage Red enzymes, Red? and Red?. It involves a processive 5’ to 3’ exonuclease or a member of helicase family, namely Red?, which generates single stranded DNA (ssDNA) regions that are substrates for the single strand annealing protein (SSAP), i. e. Red?, which promotes joining of the DNA molecules by joining the recently replicated complementary sequences. The motivation of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the physical and functional coupling of the two enzymes Red? and Red?, as well as understanding the influence of including the DNA into the reaction, which acts as the substrate. Consequently, the experiments were designed and performed incorporating in vitro techniques not only for finding protein-protein interactions, such as co-immunoprecipitations and size exclusion chromatography, but also for analyzing the exonuclease activity of Red?. Also, the interaction of DNA with Red enzymes by means of the mobility shift assays was evaluated. In parallel, in vivo tests were made with the objective of defining the stoichiometry of the intracellular concentrations of both proteins during the co-expression in E. coli. In order to reveal more about the physical coupling of Red system’s components the preliminary data of a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy assay is described with the aim of determining whether the presence of Red? has an effect on Red?’s dwell-time on its substrate.

This work is a deep look al the youthful reality of Bogot{1's rurality. allowing us lo identify. analyze and. above all, launch new educational strategies that integrate rurnlity and urbanity: intcgrality that has as its only objective the search for human development. the continuous improvement or the quality nr Ii le and above nil the realization or the dreams of rural youth. In this work. the reader \Viii find in detail the problem that inspires to carry out this research. sccon

Blended learning has turn to be a well-documented successful learning approach that allows the development of face-to-face and virtual lessons through the creation and adaptation of digital materials during the last decade. Thus, the present study entails the description and process of a qualitative action research case, which took place at Liceo Los Alcazares, a private institution located in Bogota, Colombia. This research study seeks to provide a theoretical and practical contribution.

El presente trabajo contiene una evaluación realizada a una institución educativa, con el fin de revisar la calidad de la educación preescolar que se brinda allí. Está enfocada en el currículo de preescolar del Colegio Oxford Bilingual School de Tunja, siendo el currículo parte importante en el desarrollo de las metas institucionales. Además, busca aportar razones al sector educativo sobre la necesidad de prestar un servicio de calidad en las instituciones educativas con acceso a la educación preescolar. Pero, teniendo como columna vertebral el currículo. Es decir, la investigación no solo pretende describir las características de un preescolar de calidad, sino enmarcar la relación que tiene el currículo en dicho proceso. Este trabajo está dividido en 5 capítulos, el primero contiene todo lo relacionado al planteamiento del problema, el segundo los fundamentos teóricos y legales que sustentan esta investigación, el tercero la metodología junto con el modelo de evaluación C.1.P.P. propuesto por Stuffelbeam y que lleva a la toma de decisiones en un determinado programa, el cuarto, presenta los hallazgos y resultados y el ultimo las conclusiones, recomendaciones y limitaciones de este estudio.

Una oficina de dirección de proyectos es una estructura dentro de la organización orientada a proveer directrices de gobernabilidad a nivel de la gestión de los proyectos, lo cual es particularmente importante en organizaciones proyectizadas, cuyos productos y servicios se prestan a través de la implementación de proyectos. Es el caso, de la compañía INERCO Consultoría Colombia Ltda., que ofrece asesoría y acompañamiento en gestión ambiental, social y comunitaria, a través de la implementación de proyectos; sin embargo, no cuenta con una estructura que sea responsable de la estandarización de las prácticas de gestión de proyectos ni por asegurar que existan los habilitadores organizacionales que le permitan obtener mejores resultados. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue diseñar una oficina de dirección de proyectos y su plan de implementación, para la organización de INERCO Consultoría Colombia Ltda. Para tal fin, se elaboró un diagnóstico que incluyó la medición de la cultura organizacional, de las prácticas de gestión de proyectos y su nivel de madurez, así como de la percepción de la efectividad de los mismos. Se diseñó una oficina de dirección de proyectos básica y se propuso un plan de implementación orientado a cumplir con los procesos de estandarización y formación, con el fin de garantizar unos pilares sólidos para la consolidación de la gobernabilidad de los proyectos en la compañía.

The present work of degree of the Master in Strategic Management of lnformation Technologies attached to the Faculty of Business Administration, This project looks forward to improving the management of the service from the authorization of sellings of mobile terminal devices (ASMTD) through a proposal of automation designing at MinTIC, applying good practices of the information technologies.