Abstract: The world is witnessing an era of unprecedented human mobility: International migrants grew from 100 million in 1960 to 155 million in 2000, and to 214 million in 2010 (UNDESA). However, there is insufficient attention to how migration and education interact to influence social and economic mobility. This article considers the relationship between migration and education. In the first section, we draw upon anthropological theorizing of mobility and citizenship to propose a conceptual framework for the topic. We then examine research from three migration flows: youth of Haitian descent living in the Dominican Republic, Colombians in Ecuador, and children of Mexican mothers who have migrated to the United States. The analyses of these cases emphasize the importance of access and inclusion, schools as key sites for governing subjects, and the strategies developed by migrants to secure schooling. In the conclusion, we outline directions for future research that would enable a stronger analysis of the relationships between education and migration and the development of Migration and Education as a field of inquiry. Resumo: O mundo está testemunhando uma era de mobilidade humana sem precedentes: os migrantes internacionais aumentaram de 100 milhões em 1960 para 155 milhões em 2000 e para 214 milhões em 2010 (UNDESA). No entanto, dá-se pouca importância à forma como a migração e a educação interagem para influenciar a mobilidade social e econômica. Este artigo considera a relação entre migração e educação. Na primeira seção, recorremos à teorização antropológica da mobilidade e da cidadania para propor uma estrutura conceitual para o tema. Em seguida, examinamos a pesquisa de três fluxos de migração: jovens de ascendência haitiana que vivem na República Dominicana, colombianos no Equador, e filhos de mães mexicanas que migraram para os Estados Unidos. As análises desses casos enfatizam a importância do acesso e da inclusão, as escolas como locaischave para governar os sujeitos, e as estratégias desenvolvidas pelos migrantes para assegurar a escolarização. Na conclusão, esboçamos orientações para futuras pesquisas que permitiriam uma análise mais forte das relações entre educação e migração e o desenvolvimento de Migração e Educação como campo de investigação.

Background and purpose: Chloroquine (CLQ), an antimalarial drug, has a lysosomotropic effect associated with increased radiationsensibility, which is mediated by the leakage of hydrolytic enzymes, increased apoptosis, autophagy and increased oxidative stress in vitro. In this phase II study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of radiosensibilization using CLQ concomitant with 30 Gray (Gy) of whole-brain irradiation (WBI) to treat patients with brain metastases (BM) from solid tumors. Methods: Seventy-three eligible patients were randomized. Thirty-nine patients received WBI (30 Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks) concomitant with 150 mg of CLQ for 4 weeks (the CLQ arm). Thirty-four patients received the same schedule of WBI concomitant with a placebo for 4 weeks (the control arm). All the patients were evaluated for quality of life (QoL) using the EORTC Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) (Mexican version) beforebeginning radiotherapy and one month later. Results: The overall response rate (ORR) was 54% for the CLQ arm and 55% for the control arm (p=0.92). The progression-free survival of brain metastases (BMPFS) rates at one year were 83.9% (95% CI 69.4-98.4) for the CLQ arm and 55.1% (95% CI 33.6-77.6) for the control arm. Treatment with CLQ was independently associated with increased BMPFS (RR 0.31,95% CI [0.1-0.9], p=0.046).The only factor that was independently associated with increased overall survival (OS) was the presence of< 4 brain metastases (RR 1.9, 95% CI [1.12-3.3], p=0.017). WBI was associated with improvements in cognitive and emotional function but also with worsened nausea in both patients groups. No differences in QoL or toxicity were found between the study arms. Conclusion: Treatment with CLQ plus WBI improved the control of BM (compared with the control arm) with no increase in toxicity; however, CLQ did not improve the RR or OS. A phase III clinical trial is warranted to confirm these findings.

Recently, renewable energies have been considered as an alternative to address the depletion of hydrocarbon resources. Additionally, renewable energies are promising for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to the Kyoto Protocol, members should implement policies and measures in this area. In this regard, a comprehensive technical background in renewable energies is needed to take into account the different types of renewable energy. ECOTEC Research and Consulting Limited in 2001 mentioned that: ‘Renewable energy is the term used to describe a wide range of naturally occurring, replenishable energy sources - in particular, sun, wind, water and a range of biomass resources.’ In order to address this international concern, and to apply the pacta sunt servenda principle, the European Union and the United Kingdom Parliament and Government have been developing a legal framework. The EU has issued assorted Directives which have been operating only as a reference since those legal instruments ‘require the enactment of an Act of Parliament or delegated legislations’ to be binding in UK. Additionally, the UK Parliament has enacted Acts which give the framework, and various Statutory Instruments to regulate renewable energy.6 Nevertheless, since 2003 Scotland has been developing its own regime through Acts and particular Statutory Instruments. Therefore, offshore wind, one of most promising renewable energies developing in Scotland, illustrates the recent legal issues with some legal shortcomings and strengths regarding environment, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, sustainable development, and consent licencing as a main features of the regime.

The paper argues that the Constitutional Court of Colombia has understood economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) from the perspective of a traditional theory of rights according to which they are achievements that cannot be overridden by conflicting public interests. As a result, the Court has favored a categorical formula of adjudication according to which judicial activity focuses on the definition of the scope of the right. Competing public interests may be taken into account in order to establish the scope of the right, but once that scope is defined, it cannot be overridden by conflicting public interests. Therefore, the conception of ESCR that the Court of Colombia has adopted differs from the South African conception. The South African Constitutional Court regards ESCR as protective shields against conflicting governmental interests. This theory allows for positions of rights to be balanced against countervailing governmental interests. Given the tensions that these theories of rights and formulas of adjudication create in terms of judicial discretion and democratic debate, some intermediate formulas have been proposed. In the final part of the paper, these proposals are analyzed and some suggestions are made that contribute to the debate.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extender composition and osmolality on post-thaw motility of Brycon orbignyanus sperm. Eight extenders comprising combinations of two compositions (NaCl and glucose) and four osmolalities (285, 325, 365 and 405 mOsm kg -1) were tested. Methyl glycol was used as cryoprotectant. Diluted sperm was loaded into 0.25 ml straws, frozen in a nitrogen vapor vessel (dry shipper) and stored in a liquid nitrogen vessel. Straws were thawed in a water bath at 60°C for 3 s and sperm was immediately evaluated for motility rate and velocities (curvilinear = VCL; straight line = VSL; average path = VAP). Seminal plasma osmolality was also determined (249 mOsm kg -1). Both extender composition and osmolality affected post-thaw sperm motility. In general, sperm cryopreserved in NaCl was of better motility than that in glucose, and at lower osmolalities better than at higher ones. High post-thaw quality, with motility above 60% and VCL above 140 lm s _1, was observed only in samples frozen in NaCl at 285 mOsm kg -1. Different from most of the sperm from freshwater species that need a cell membrane protector (such as sugars), B. orbignyanus sperm should be frozen in an ionic solution for better protection during freezing and thawing processes. Furthermore, this solution should be prepared at an osmolality just above seminal plasma osmolality. Cryopreserved sperm can be used both for aquaculture purposes and for conservational programs, since B. orbignyanus is a threatened species. Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la composición y osmolalidad del diluidor en la motilidad espermatica pos descongelación del semen de Brycon orbignyanus. Ocho diluidores comprendiendo la combinación de dos composiciones (NaCl y glucosa) y cuatro osmolalidades (285, 325, 365 and 405 mOsm kg -1) fueron evaluados. El metilglicol fue usado como crioprotector. El semen diluido fue envasado en pajillas de 0,25mL, congelado en tanque de vapor de nitrógeno (dry shipper) y almacenado en tanque de nitrógeno liquido. Las pajillas fueron descongeladas en baño maria a 60°C por tres segundos y el semen fue inmediatamente evaluado en cuanto a tasa de movilidad y velocidades (curvilinear = VCL; linear = VSL y media = VAP). La osmolalidad del plasma seminal también fue determinada (249 mOsm kg -1). La composición y osmolalidad del diluidor afectaron la movilidad espermática pos descogelación. En general, el semen criopreservado en NaCl fue de mejor calidad que el semen criopreservado en glucosa, y a bajas osmolalidades mejor que las altas. La mayor calidad pos descongelación con movilidad encima de 60% y VCL encima de 140 μm s-1, fue observada solo en muestras congeladas en NaCl a 285 mOsm kg -1. A diferencia de la mayoría de los espermatozoides de especies de agua dulce que necesitan un protector de membrana celular (como los azúcares), el semen de B. orbignyanus debe congelarse en una solución iónica para una mejor protección durante los procesos de congelación y descongelación. Además, esta solución debe prepararse a una osmolalidad justo por encima de la osmolalidad del plasma seminal. Los espermatozoides criopreservados pueden utilizarse tanto para fines de acuicultura como para programas de conservación, ya que B. orbignyanus es una especie amenazada.

Wastewater treatment technologies suitable for serving large populations are generally reliable and reasonably cost-effective, yet they are almost always financially inappropriate for small communities (,2,000 p.e.). Comparative cost data suggests that waste stabilization ponds should be an attractive option for small communities, yet perceptions relating to land costs, climate and effluent quality have limited their application in the UK. This paper details typical UK land costs, climate and winter performance data for apilot-scale waste stabilization pond with various upgrading technologies: system A, two tertiary maturationponds in series; B, two tertiary maturation ponds in series followed by a reed bed channel; C, a control rockfilter; D, an aerated rock filter; and E, a constructed wetland. System D was found to perform best, closely followed by system B.

Discrete function integration is achieved at the package level with a variety of packaging solutions, mainly package on package. In this paper we review mainstream package on package technology offerings and compare them against improved versions of these packages where advances in materials properties and processing techniques are leveraged to meet increasingly tighter overall package thickness requirements while maintaining or improving the reliability, yield and cost effectiveness metrics set by the existing technologies. Different avenues to achieve very thin POP and system-in-a-package constructions are explored in detail, showing the implications in terms of material properties, new or improved processing steps and design trade-offs. Similarly, we show examples where these new techniques have been used successfully to achieve the stricter thickness targets and to prove that these technologies are ready to be applied and leveraged immediately for functionality integration without requiring extended development times or completely new processing methodologies.

Colombia is known for its cultural richness and diversity reflected through the work of different performing art disciplines and expressions. There’s a solid presence and active work from cultural leaders, companies and independent groups, but their plays and productions usually have a short-term cycle performance or not enough venues for local staging. In hopes of responding to the present challenges, the objective is to export Colombian artistic groups to participate in Italian Festivals. This is a solution that provides sustainability, continuity and international reach for Colombia's performing arts offer. The work identifies Colombia’s context in its cultural offer and policies and further presents the development of an Artistic Export Plan that selects five Colombian groups for five different Italian festivals. The application work results in a document named Informative Kit that strategically presents each group for an international venue. An alliance plan is also contemplated as funding collaborations that may later cover travel expenses for the groups. This project connects different types of experiences representing the deep and functioning links between many cultural industries around the world.

El objetivo de este escrito es proponer elementos conceptuales para el debate sobre la implementación de políticas sociales bajo la actual administración del presidente Hugo Chávez Frías en Venezuela. A través del uso de conceptos propios de la Ciencia Política y de la Sociología del Derecho, junto a la definición de los paradigmas como categoría analítica, se abordan las actuales políticas sociales como el resultado de una crisis institucional que necesariamente precisa la implementación de un nuevo paradigma, con las consecuencias que este proceso trae consigo para la institucionalidad del país. A partir de la forma en la que están concebidos los derechos sociales dentro de la Constitución de 1999, se exponen algunos de los dilemas que será necesario afrontar para el pleno establecimiento de una política social institucional.