Desde hace años, la creciente evidencia científica sobre el impacto ecológico de las actividades humanas ha generado preocupación en diversas industrias alrededor del mundo. Grandes compañías han implementado estrategias sostenibles, que contemplan factores medioambientales, sociales y de gobierno corporativo (ESG por sus siglas en inglés). Sin embargo, la aproximación actual de las compañías a los factores ESG olvida los factores sociales, en particular la protección de los derechos humanos, como elemento crítico para la sostenibilidad. Una de las causas más citadas por las compañías para no incluir consideraciones de derechos humanos en sus estrategias es el costo asociado a este tipo de medidas y el bajo impacto que tienen sobre sus rendimientos financieros. Sin embargo, cada vez más inversionistas están demandando de las compañías generación de valor a largo plazo y adecuación a los estándares globales de ESG. Bajo este contexto, la banca tiene un rol fundamental en la generación de incentivos para que las compañías incluyan consideraciones de derechos humanos en sus estrategias. En particular, en un país como Colombia, donde la banca es la fuente primaria de financiamiento para el sector real, su compromiso con este tema puede transformar el panorama. Sin embargo, siendo la banca a su vez una actividad económica, también requiere de los incentivos correctos para impulsar este cambio. Por tanto, este ensayo discute los argumentos para soportar la tesis de que deberían incluirse consideraciones de derechos humanos en el sistema de administración del riesgo de crédito de los bancos. Abstract: For years, the growing scientific evidence on the ecological impact of human activities has generated concern in various industries around the world. Large companies have implemented sustainable strategies, which consider environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) factors. However, the current approach of companies to ESG factors forgets social factors, in particular the protection of human rights, as a critical element for sustainability. One of the most cited causes by companies for not including human rights considerations in their strategies is the cost associated with these types of measures and the low impact they have on their financial returns. However, more and more investors are demanding long-term value generation and achieving global standards to better serve their investors and stockholders. Under this context, banks have a fundamental role in creating incentives for companies to include human rights considerations in their strategies. In particular, in a country like Colombia, where banking is the primary source of financing for the real sector, its commitment to this issue can transform the landscape. However, since banking is also an economic activity, it requires the right incentives to drive this change. Therefore, this essay discusses the arguments to support the thesis that including human rights considerations should be mandatory in the banks’ credit risk management system.

CFD software are known for the efficiency of millions of iterations to calculate a specific case of pressure or forces acting in an object. As the same way that robust CAD software exist to optimize a conceptual approach of a specific part system of an aircraft (or in its total expression), there are others that permits to generate numbers of iterations for the different state of design of an aircraft. Advanced Aircraft Analysis is a software that helps the engineer in the design process taking into account all variables that, with the input, it will generate a performance analysis of the aircraft depending in the flight condition that it is needed. The data of aircrafts general description, engine, landing gear, fuselage general form and so on are inputted to the software along with more specific information of propeller, frames, wing, stabilizers, control surfaces, weights and flight conditions to finally obtain an analysis of the airplane in a given scenario. This project intends to understand the function of AAA software by doing the input of all the needed parameters for PC-6 Pilatus Porter aircraft to first, have its design and second generate a simple performance analysis for a given flight condition. El software CFD es conocido por la eficiencia de millones de iteraciones para calcular un caso específico de presión o fuerzas que actúan en un objeto. De la misma manera que existe un software CAD robusto para optimizar un enfoque conceptual de un sistema de piezas específico de una aeronave (o en su expresión total), existen otros que permiten generar números de iteraciones para el diferente estado de diseño de una aeronave. Advanced Aircraft Analysis es un software que ayuda al ingeniero en el diseño proceso teniendo en cuenta todas las variables que, con la entrada, generarán un análisis de rendimiento de la aeronave según la condición de vuelo que se necesite. Resumen: Los datos de la descripción general de los aviones, el motor, el tren de aterrizaje, la forma general del fuselaje, etc. se ingresan al software junto con información más específica de la hélice, los frames, las alas, los estabilizadores, las superficies de control, los pesos y las condiciones de vuelo para finalmente obtener un análisis del avión en un escenario dado. Este proyecto tiene la intención de comprender la función del software AAA al ingresar todos los parámetros necesarios para que la aeronave PC-6 Pilatus Porter primero, tenga su diseño y luego genere un análisis de rendimiento simple para una condición de vuelo dada.

This paper reflects on the conceptual approach adopted, in international practice, to the design and implementation of initiatives to promote the rule of law at the national level. It pays particular attention to the understanding, in international practice, of the relationship between the rule of law, democracy, human rights and development. It does so by looking especially at the practice of the UN, and taking into account many empirical and theoretical studies. After first examining the predominant paradigm in the rule of law field adopted by the international community until 2010, and the evolution of international practice thereafter, it concludes that the observance of the rule of law in a given country is determined by political and economic structures, cultural norms, institutions and laws. On this basis, and acknowledging the critical importance of the adopted concepts of rule of law, democracy and human rights, it finds the increasing recognition by the UN of the mutually reinforcing impact of these notions as adequate. This approach allows greater attention to be paid to several socio-economic and political issues that significantly affect the observance of the rule of law in many developing countries, the main recipients of the work of the international community in this field. Based on these findings, it indicates areas for reform.

This work brings analytical clarity and original insights to the much-debated questions of whether and how to include violations of economic and social rights (ESRs) within the mandate of several widely used transitional justice mechanisms. First, it provides a nuanced and comprehensive framework of analysis to examine whether the inclusion of large-scale ESR violations within the powers of the studied mechanisms is in conformity with the functions they have had traditionally. Second, by analyzing the implementation of this analytical framework with respect to the power to adjudicate and provide reparations for large-scale ESR violations, it sheds new light on important aspects of these questions. It demonstrates that exercising the two mentioned powers by the analyzed mechanisms with respect to large-scale ESR violations is mostly in conformity with the functions these mechanisms have had traditionally. It also shows that most of the challenges that including these violations within the two studied powers would pose to the institutional competence and democratic legitimacy of the examined mechanisms are because these are large-scale abuses, not that they are ESR violations. Resumen: ¿Deben las violaciones de los derechos económicos y sociales (‘DES’) ser incluidas dentro del ámbito de la justicia transicional? En caso afirmativo, ¿cómo? Mi estudio hace importantes aportes al análisis de estas preguntas, específicamente respecto a la inclusión de las violaciones masivas de los DES dentro de los poderes de ciertos mecanismos de justicia transicional usados de manera frecuente. En primer lugar, mi artículo elabora un marco de análisis exhaustivo y matizado para examinar si la inclusión de las violaciones masivas de los DES dentro de los poderes de los mecanismos de justicia transicional estudiados, se ajusta o no a las funciones que estos tradicionalmente han tenido. En segundo lugar, al analizar la implementación de este marco de análisis con respecto a los poderes de adjudicar y de reparar violaciones masivas de los DES, mi trabajo aporta nuevas ideas e información sobre aspectos de importancia crítica de las cuestiones analizadas.

This paper analyses the forces and dynamics organizing the real estate development process, both from the provision of affordable housing and the promotion of real estate sector as the engine of the local economy. An indepth case-study of Bogotá has been conducted looking at the structural determinants of the urban real estate trajectory and how a particular administration affects the same. Two main findings are brought forward: firstly, the distribution and land use has been the most important factor of production in the-defining the urban trajectory of Bogotá through processes of ‘accumulation by dispossession’. This reflects in the coexistence of formal and informal markets, which are mediated by the growing scarcity of land and high prices. Secondly, while the Administration of Gustavo Petro strived to address these issues, its policies were not effective in reversing the speculation patterns or providing housing for the poor. Rather, they deepened these issues and further impacted the performance of the local economy. Resumen: Este documento analiza las fuerzas y dinámicas que organizan el proceso de desarrollo inmobiliario, tanto desde la provisión de viviendas asequibles como desde la promoción del sector inmobiliario como motor de la economía local. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de caso en Bogotá que analiza los determinantes estructurales de la trayectoria de los bienes inmuebles urbanos y la manera como una administración particular los influye o afecta. Se presentan dos hallazgos principales: en primer lugar, la distribución y el uso del suelo han sido el factor de producción más importante en la definición de la trayectoria urbana de Bogotá? a través de procesos de "acumulación por despojo"". Esto se refleja en la coexistencia de los mercados formales e informales, que están mediados por la creciente escasez de tierras y los altos precios. En segundo lugar, si bien la Administración de Gustavo Petro se esforzó? por abordar estos problemas, sus políticas no fueron efectivas para revertir los patrones de especulación o proporcionar viviendas a los pobres. Más bien, profundizaron estos problemas e impactaron aún más el desempeño de la economía local.

The present paper gives an overview of the study of secondary data obtained by metadata research focused on geothermal survey. Through the database from Colombia Geological Survey were obtained chemical information of thermal waters in Puracé volcano area and these were characterized respectively. This volcano is located at southwestern of Cauca department in Colombia, along the Coconucos Volcanic Chain. The waters were classified according to Piper Diagram in three main types; calcium-chloride, sodium-chloride and sodium-potassium-bicarbonate waters. All the samples chosen were verified with charge balance error for further geothermal studies where some sample were discarded, and the suitable ones were carried out in studies of solute geothermometers. The geothermometry estimated a reservoir temperature between 150-220°C and mixing processes were identified through of stable isotopes providing information about the origin. Finally, according with the geology and the chemistry of thermal.

The Puracé Volcano is located in the Cauca department, SW of Colombia, along the Coconucos volcanic chain. This volcano is an interesting target for geothermal exploration, because it is a young caldera-type volcano, with thermal activity (e.g. hot springs and fumaroles). Using hydro-geochemical analyses of hot springs, we determine the type of water, origin and relation with the geothermal system, reservoir temperature, mixing process and finally the potential areas for future exploration. The analyzed water-types are bicarbonate, dilute-chloride, sulphate-chloride, acid-sulphate and heated steam-acid sulfated. The conservative elements, allow to identify the correlation between different springs and to infer commune sources. Moreover, the applied solutes geothermometers for each suitable thermal-water group were used to estimate the reservoir temperature. The Silica geothermometers resulted within a range of 120°C -170°C while those the Cation geothermometers are above these temperatures reflecting values from 160°C to 220°C. However, the Cation geothermometer of low temperature clearly identify another zone of lower temperature. Mixing and recharge processes, were identified through of stable isotopes. Finally, the preliminary geothermal model shows two zones of high enthalpy system (>150°C).

The amazon region is vast area of rainforest and rich in wildlife and biodiversity. Furthermore, for centuries it has been considered a source of natural resources. In Caquetá, Colombia in 2017, after the signing of the peace process between the government and the Guerrilla FARC, a wave of deforestation without precedent in this century began, putting this fragile ecosystem at risk. The drivers are the poverty, lack of title of the land, and traditional economies based on cattle raising and extraction of natural resources all based on the capitalist model of development in Colombia. In this dissertation, my objective to address the following research question: To what extent can capitalism generate a balance between developing a good quality of life for the Amazonian communities and the preservation of the rainforest? To find this balance between protection of natural resources and economic and social development for local communities, this paper is divided in four parts. In the first part the context will be explained using a main argument alongside the research methodology used to build this document. In the second part a literature review from the academic’s debates about capitalism and environment conservation and local participation in sustainable projects will be presented. In the third part my argument to address the research question based on academic literature and analyse the context of the Caquetá region and Colombian government initiatives will be presented. Finally, in the fourth part a general conclusion of the research document will be presented.

We carried out differential measurements of temperature and image motion in a convective Rayleigh-Bénard water tank to test the assumption of Kolmogorov turbulence. Careful selection of the experimental methodology is required to arrive at the agreement between theory and experiment.

Transport Oriented Development (TOD) is an urban planning strategy in which the development of the city favors the interrelationships between public transport systems and the different urban developments, TOD is characterized by promoting mixed, compact and and adequate and diverse of uses around stations or nodes of public transport systems (for example, in a radius of 500 to 700 m. around). TOD has gained relevance given urban trends that denote the resurgence of investments in historic centers or revitalization processes of historic city centers. Urban projects, such as transport projects, in their different stages of conception, planning or execution, can determine not only the shape of the city and its future growth, but also have a significant impact on urban life, its quality and durability. Resumen: El Desarrollo urbano Orientado al Transporte Público (DOTP) (Transit Oriented Development, TOD por sus siglas en inglés) puede entenderse como una estrategia de planificación e intervención urbana en la cual el desarrollo de la ciudad favorece las interrelaciones entre los sistemas de transporte público y los distintos desarrollos urbanos, El DOTP se caracteriza por promover desarrollos de usos mixtos, compactos y con densidades adecuadas y variadas que se generan al- rededor de estaciones o nodos de los sistemas de transporte públicos (ejemplo, en un radio de 500 a 700 m. alrededor). El DOTP ha ganado relevancia dadas las tendencias urbanas que denotan el resurgir de las inversiones en los centros históricos, o los procesos de regeneración de los centros tradicionales de las ciudades. Los proyectos urbanos, como por ejemplo los de transporte, en sus distintas etapas de concepción, planeación o ejecución, pueden determinar no sólo la forma de la ciudad y su futuro crecimiento, sino que también tienen una incidencia significativa en la vida urbana, su calidad y perdurabilidad.