Abstract: Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors in Palmer amaranth is a majorconcern, given the high selection pressure and increasing number of populations with reducedsensitivity to PPO herbicides in the US. We evaluated the effect of five soil-applied herbicides onPalmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats.) populations collected in 2014 and 2015 in Arkansas,USA. Soil-applied saflufenacil, sulfentrazone, and flumioxazin reduced the seedling emergence 91–100%; however, fomesafen and oxyfluorfen showed reduced (63–90%) efficacy on some populations.Target-site mutation (TSM) is the major mechanism of resistance to PPO herbicides; therefore, sixpopulations showing resistance to soil-applied fomesafen were selected for molecular investigations.A total of 81 survivors were genotyped for all known resistance-conferring mutations. A total of 64%and 36% survivors had single and double TSMs, respectively, with 69% of plants carrying TSM inboth alleles ofPPO2. Three survivors from two populations showed an additional copy ofPPO2,whereas all other survivors had one copy. Expression analysis showed 3- to 6-fold upregulation ofPPO2in all plants from resistant populations tested. Transgenic overexpression of WT-ApPPO2anddG210-Apppo2inA. thalianaconfirmed the reduced sensitivity to soil-applied fomesafen compared tothe wild type. Collectively, PPO inhibitors applied pre-emergence are still effective in controllingpopulations resistant to foliar-applied PPO herbicides. Mechanically, elevated expression of resistantPPO2, alongside functional TSM, contribute to reduced sensitivity to soilapplied fomesafen.

Abstract: Here we systematically investigate the CO2 and H2 activation and dissociation on small CunZn{0/+} (n=3-6) clusters using Density Functional Theory. We show that Cu6Zn is a superatom, displaying an increased HOMO-LUMO gap and is inert towards CO2 or H2 activation or dissociation. While other neutral clusters weakly activate CO2, the cationic clusters preferentially bind the CO2 in monodentate nonactivated way. Notably, Cu4Zn allows for the dissociation of activated CO2, whereas larger clusters destabilize all activated CO2 binding modes. Conversely, H2 dissociation is favored on all clusters examined, except for Cu6Zn. Cu3Zn+ and Cu4Zn, favor the formation of formate through the H2 dissociation pathway rather than CO2 dissociation. These findings suggest the potential of these clusters as synthetic targets and underscore their significance in the realm of CO2 hydrogenation. Resumen: En este estudio, llevamos a cabo una investigación sistemática sobre la activación y disociación del CO2 y H2 en pequeños clusters de CunZn{0/+} (n=3-6) utilizando la Teoría del Funcional de la Densidad. Demostramos que Cu6Zn es un superátomo, exhibiendo un aumento en la brecha HOMO-LUMO y es inerte ante la activación y disociación tanto del CO2 como del H2. Mientras que otros clusters neutros activan débilmente el CO2, los clusters catiónicos tienden a enlazar preferentemente el CO2 de manera monodentada no activada. Notablemente, Cu4Zn permite la disociación del CO2 activado, mientras que clusters más grandes desestabilizan todos los modos de enlace activados del CO2. Por otro lado, la disociación del H2 es favorecida en todos los clusters examinados, excepto para Cu6Zn. Cu3Zn+ y Cu4Zn favorecen la formación del ion formato a través de la ruta de disociación del H2 en lugar de la disociación del CO2. Estos hallazgos sugieren el potencial de estos clusters como objetivos sintéticos y subrayan su importancia en el ámbito de la hidrogenación del CO2.

Resumen: Uno de los grandes desafíos de las sociedades occidentales modernas, es justamente, la búsqueda constante de escenarios que permitan resolver los conflictos de manera pacífica a través del diálogo respetuoso, abierto y constructivo. Es así como se han plateado mecanismos como la conciliación, el arbitraje y la amigable composición para su resolución. Sin embargo, el uso de estos medios en ocasiones se ve retado dado el incesante dinamismo social, la aparición de nuevos conflictos y el uso reiterativo de formas tradicionales de solución de estos. Coetáneamente entre las comunidades indígenas existen normas consuetudinarias, procedimientos ancestrales e instituciones como la palabra, que han ayudado a preservar el orden y la convivencia, empleando una sabiduría ancestral basada en la observación de la naturaleza, la autoridad ejercida con responsabilidad y el uso de la retórica y la estética del lenguaje como herramientas para mantener el acercamiento y el entendimiento mutuo entre las familias y los eirruku wayuu. Los indígenas asentados en la península de La Guajira que comprende el departamento de La Guajira, al norte de Colombia y en el noroeste del estado Zulia en Venezuela conocidos como wayuu, se constituyen en la etnia más numerosa de ambos países y en un gran referente de estudio por la existencia de una cultura jurídica consuetudinaria basada en un sistema normativo milenario y en la insigne figura del Pütchipü´üi como mediador y tejedor de la palabra entre los miembros de esta comunidad, para asegurar el orden, la justicia y su supervivencia en un mundo cada vez más hostil y amenazante de sus costumbres y tradiciones. Abstract: One of the great challenges of modern western societies is precisely the constant search for scenarios that allow conflicts to be resolved peacefully through respectful, open and constructive dialogue. This is how mechanisms such as conciliation, arbitration and friendly composition have been established for its resolution. However, the use of these means is sometimes challenged given the incessant social dynamism, the appearance of new conflicts and the repetitive use of traditional ways of solving them. At the same time, among indigenous communities, there are customary norms, ancestral procedures, and institutions such as the word, which have helped to preserve order and coexistence, using an ancestral wisdom based on the observation of nature, the authority exercised with responsibility and the use of the rhetoric and the aesthetics of language as tools to maintain rapprochement and mutual understanding between families and the eirruku wayuu. The indigenous people settled in the La Guajira peninsula, which includes the department of La Guajira, in the north of Colombia and in the northwest of the Zulia state in Venezuela, known as wayuu, are the most numerous ethnic group in both countries and a great reference of study for the existence of a customary legal culture based on a millenary normative system and on the distinguished figure of the Pütchipü´üi as mediator and weaver of the word among the members of this community, to ensure order, justice and their survival in a world increasingly hostile and threatening of its customs and traditions.

Individualism or communalism? This is a very important question about how societies can live, develop, work and solve problems. Throughout history, this question has been considered from philosophical, sociological, anthropological, psychological, political, economic, and even theological or spiritual perspectives. Perhaps we will not find a solution, and the possibilities of reconciling these two concepts seem slim. Today, with Carolyn Smith-Morris' book, we approach the question from the experience of Indigenous communities. The title of the book is "Indigenous Communalism," but the author will point out several times throughout the book that we cannot fully understand communalism without considering individualism. In her own words, the goal of this book “has been to initiate more overt attention to the individual and communal together, encapsulating (without resolving) the tensions that create human societies, and to value Indigenous communalism as the central feature of Indigeneity that it is” (Smith-Morris, 2020, p. 136). ¿Individualismo o comunalismo? Esta es una pregunta muy importante sobre cómo las sociedades pueden vivir, desarrollarse, trabajar y resolver problemas. A lo largo de la historia, se ha reflexionado sobre este tema desde los puntos de vista filosófico, sociológico, antropológico, psicológico, político, económico, e incluso, teológico o espiritual. Quizás no encontremos ninguna solución y parecen pocas las posibilidades de conciliar estos dos conceptos. Hoy, con el libro de Carolyn Smith-Morris, que se titula en español Comunalismo indígena, abordamos la cuestión desde la experiencia de las comunidades indígenas. En esta línea, la autora señalará varias veces que no podemos entender plenamente el comunalismo sin tener en cuenta el individualismo. En sus propias palabras, se refiere a que su objetivo fue “iniciar un esfuerzo de atención más abierto a lo individual y lo comunal juntos, encapsulando (sin resolver) las tensiones que crean las sociedades humanas, y valorar el comunalismo indígena como la característica central de la indigeneidad que es” (Smith-Morris, 2020: 136).

Abstract: In the current era, dat7a is considered the new oil, and the role of data analysts is indispensable. This article explores the benefits and growing demand for data analytics in Colombia. It examines how analytics is transforming sectors such as health, business, and education, and discusses the challenges of data quality and availability. Furthermore, the importance of collaboration between the public, private, and academic sectors is highlighted to maximize the potential of data analysis. Finally, recommendations are provided to address the talent shortage and improve technological infrastructure to fully capitalize on global opportunities. Resumen: En la era actual, los datos se consideran el nuevo petróleo y el rol de los analistas de datos es indispensable. Este artículo explora los beneficios y la creciente demanda de la analítica de datos en Colombia. Se examina cómo la analítica está transformando sectores como la salud, los negocios y la educación, y se discuten los desafíos de la calidad y disponibilidad de datos. Además, se destaca la importancia de la colaboración entre los sectores público, privado y académico para maximizar el potencial del análisis de datos. Finalmente, se presentan recomendaciones para enfrentar la escasez de talento y mejorar la infraestructura tecnológica para capitalizar plenamente las oportunidades globales.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las fortalezas y los retos de la investigación participativa y transformadora desde un enfoque biocultural a partir del estudio de caso con la comunidad Muisca de Sesquilé “los hijos del maíz”. Este enfoque implica promover la participación conjunta en todas las etapas de la investigación, cumpliendo con un compromiso ético en su desarrollo. Aunque esta experiencia aplicó principios éticos de la investigación biocultural y propició espacios de coinvestigación y diálogo permanente, también enfrentó retos metodológicos y una serie de barreras institucionales que dificultaron la participación de la comunidad. Estas barreras, que desconocen los derechos bioculturales de los pueblos Indígenas, los derechos territoriales, el enfoque diferencial de derechos, y la Consulta y el Consentimiento Previo, Libre e Informado, sobrepasan las capacidades y recursos de los investigadores y limitan el alcance del proceso participativo y el efecto transformador de la investigación biocultural. Abstract: This article analyzes the strengths and challenges in participatory and transformative research, from a biocultural approach based on the case study of Los hijos del maíz, a Muisca community from Sesquilé. This approach promotes joint participation in all research stages and agrees to follow an ethical code in its development. For this experience, ethical principles of biocultural research were applied and spaces for co-research and permanent dialogue were fostered. However, the community faced methodological challenges and a series of institutional barriers that made it difficult for them to participate. These barriers –which ignore the territorial and biocultural rights of indigenous peoples, the differential approach to rights and Consultation and Free, Prior and Informed Consent –exceed the capacities and resources of researchers and limit the scope of the participatory process and the transformative effect of biocultural research. Resumo: Este artigo analisa os pontos fortes e os desafios da pesquisa participativa e transformadora a partir de uma abordagem biocultural com base no estudo de caso da comunidade muisca de Sesquilé “os filhos do milho”. Essa abordagem envolve a promoção da participação conjunta em todas as etapas da pesquisa, cumprindo um compromisso ético em seu desenvolvimento. Embora essa experiência tenha aplicado os princípios éticos da pesquisa biocultural e promovidoespaços para a pesquisa conjunta e o diálogo permanente, ela também enfrentou desafios metodológicos e uma série de barreiras institucionais que dificultaram a participação da comunidade. Essas barreiras, que ignoram os direitos bioculturais dos povos indígenas, os direitos territoriais, a abordagem de direitos diferenciados e o consentimento e consulta livres, prévios e informados, excedem as capacidades e os recursos dos pesquisadores e limitam o escopo do processo participativo e o efeito transformador da pesquisa biocultural.

This paper aims to analyze concealment and deception in self-defeating organizational crisis response strategies and the possible consequences of their adoption on a company’s reputation. It represents an example of where every guideline to address stakeholders after a crisis was dismissed. It investigates a major environmental incident that took place in Colombia in 2013 and studies how the responsible company responded to the incident through the examination of company reports, media statements and national and international newspaper articles. The analysis shows that in addition to environmental damage, the company’s reputation was affected by the way the company responded during this crisis. The outcomes highlight the importance of the manner in which a crisis response is managed, as these types of mistakes often aggravate reputational damage. This paper is an invitation for companies to be quick, consistent and transparent with their responses when facing their stakeholders in moments of crisis. Not doing so may aggravate not only social but also economic and environmental impacts. Contrary to other contributions on the subject, this study implies that a misleading crisis response, including concealment and deception, can be an even greater challenge to a company’s reputation than the crisis itself.

The present work addresses the question of how companies belonging to the natural resource industry use to perform greenwashing practices to their organizational value chain processes. For this purpose, a multi-case approach with five different cases in the Colombian context is adopted. Through the data analysis, an exemplification of each of the five value chain greenwashing transgressions at the company level is provided. Besides highlighting a real-life problematic with several implications in a sensitive context, the contributions of this work are twofold. First, the work contributes to reinforcing the notion of greenwashing and related transgressions by clarifying a concrete way of identifying certain deceptive practices related to the organizational value chain under certain conditions. Second, this work promotes the transferability of the concepts used for elucidating the reality of the value chain greenwashing phenomenon at different levels and in various geographical contexts. Finally, both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Framed by the normative dimension of the crisis communication literature, this study examines and compares the messages conveyed by two large companies in the South American extractive industry when dealing with catastrophic crises. By focusing on the application of the ethics of care principles, this study illustrates two divergent ways of conducting interpersonal relationships and benevolence as a virtue when communicating with stakeholders in the aftermath of two recent socio-environmental disasters involving human losses in Venezuela and Brazil. For this purpose, the offending companies’ official responses obtained from various public sources are analyzed, both within and across the two cases, in light of a proposed outline of the theoretical framework at issue. The results show the contrasting ways in which these companies approached their stakeholders through crisis responses when referring to crisis casualties. Furthermore, the study compares the two cases’ backgrounds and argues that the socio-political context influences the corporate decisions on crisis responses.

En el presente trabajo se propone evaluar el grado de imparcialidad en la percepción general sobre la importancia de los diversos stakeholders junto con lo que ellos reclaman y afirman. Para ello, se pondrán a prueba los constructos relacionados con la influencia, interés, legitimidad y urgencia en un escenario real de crisis medio-ambiental. El estudio propuesto consiste en la evaluación de percepciones sobre un estudio de caso real, a partir de un análisis de correspondencia múltiple aplicado sobre una muestra representativa de estudiantes profesionales de diferentes nacionalidades en una escuela de negocios Francesa acreditada internacionalmente. A partir de los resultados es posible determinar que, contrario a lo esperado en estudiantes con alta formación en negocios, aún se encuentran ciertos sesgos respecto a la importancia que se le debe dar a cada stakeholder en los constructos analizados.