During the eighteenth century, there was an increased interest in the Spanish World for French fashions and imported luxury goods, sparked by both the establishment of the Bourbon dynasty and a general increase in consumption. A new style, influenced by the fashions of the French court at Versailles, invaded the Spanish American colonies, where aristocratic women began to modify the French fashions into a local culture of appearances. Using portraits, inventories, diaries, and travellers’ journals, this article makes a preliminary exploration of the emergence of this process in the Viceroyalty of New Granada, in northern South America, by studying the influence of French female fashions and their adoption and adaptations by the Spanish colonial aristocracy. Durante el siglo XVIII, aumentó el interés por las modas francesas y los bienes de lujo importados en el mundo español, a raíz del establecimiento de los Borbones en la Corona y un incremento generalizado del consumo. Un nuevo estilo, influenciado por las modas de la corte francesa en Versalles, invadió las colonias hispanoamericanas, en donde las mujeres aristocráticas modificaron el gusto francés para ajustarlo a la cultura local de las apariencias. A partir de retratos e inventarios, diarios y crónicas de viajeros, este artículo ofrece una exploración preliminar sobre la emergencia de este proceso en el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada. Se estudia la influencia de la moda femenina francesa, su adopción y las adaptaciones realizadas por las mujeres de la aristocracia colonial.

Abstract This paper analyses how the Nasa indigenous community of Toribío (Cauca, Colombia) has configured mental reconciliation models in spite of the violent feedback they received during the armed conflict in Colombia. For this analysis, the theoretical perspective of cognitive institutionalism is used. Empirical evidence was collected mainly through semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The results suggest that strategies of peaceful resistance, such as the creation of Permanent Assembly Sites, the Community Life Plan and the Indigenous Guard, have contributed to producing successful solutions in the search for reconciliation and peace in indigenous territories. Resumen El presente artículo analiza la manera en que la comunidad indígena nasa de Toribío (Cauca, Colombia) ha configurado modelos mentales de reconciliación pese a haber recibido retroalimentaciones violentas del entorno a raíz del conflicto armado en Colombia. Para ello, se emplea la perspectiva teórica del institucionalismo cognitivo. La evidencia empírica se recolectó principalmente a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. Los resultados sugieren que estrategias de resistencia pacífica como la creación de Sitios de Asamblea Permanente (SAP), el Plan de Vida Comunitario y la Guardia Indígena han contribuido a generar soluciones exitosas en la búsqueda de la reconciliación y de la paz en los territorios indígenas.

The aim of this assignment is to explore some of the main debates regarding both socio-economic, cultural issues and its relation to education. In the first section, it will mainly draw ideas from Nancy Fraser, Iris young and Amartya Sen to explain not only how inequalities have taken place in society, but also how it appears to be an alternative paradigm of social justice. The assignment shows an overall understanding of how redistribution and recognition can have pressures and tensions but also the linking points between them through Fraser´s remedies for justice. It also will show how socio-cultural differences have become relevant in society and why those appear to be claims for justice. This analysis will provide a discussion of education and policy tensions and pressures within the social justice approach and social democracies in the Latin American context. The assignment will question the role of education in addressing inequalities based on a paradigm of recognition and redistribution as well as how the system has helped to homogenise and then marginalise groups of minorities. This social justice paradigm will be argued as a way to offer an alternative rationale about quality in education. This analysis will support the idea of a quality education redefinition to develop individuals and society´s capabilities through what they have reason to value (Tikly and Barrett, 2011). Hence, quality should have a place in schools´ communities to reflect upon the curricula as “praxis”, and, more precisely, as a “bridge between society and school” to address inequality (Sacristan, 2000 p.14).

Guillermo Uribe Holguín (1880-1971) fue uno de los músicos colombianos más relevantes e influyentes del siglo XX. A través del análisis de los Tres Ballets Criollos Op. 78 para orquesta, compuestos en Bogotá en 1945, este artículo tiene por objeto resaltar, por una parte, la postura de Uribe Holguín dentro del movimiento nacionalista colombiano y, por otra, los ideales y medios artísticos, estéticos y filosóficos que éste asimilara, expandiera y desarrollara en su estancia en París y de esta manera, poder dar cuenta de la forma como ambos interactuaron en su proceso compositivo. Abstract: Guillermo Uribe Holguín (1880-1971) was one of the most relevant and influential Colombian musicians of the 20th century. Through the analysis of the Tres Ballets Criollos Op. 78 for orchestra, composed in Bogotá in 1945, this article wants to highlight, on the one hand, the position of Uribe Holguín within the Colombian nationalist movement and, on the other, the ideals and artistic, aesthetic and philosophical means that he assimilated, expanded and developed during his stay in Paris and in this way, be able to account for the way in which both interacted in his compositional process.

Um dos objetivos do grupo que estudou aranhas no projeto “Mecanismos de manutenção da alta diversidade nos Trópicos” (ver capítulo anterior) foi reconhecer variáveis bióticas e abióticas atuando na diversidade de aranhas. Uma das linhas dentro deste objetivo foi a avaliação da coexistência de um grupo restrito de espécies da família Ctenidae que ocorrem na Reserva Ducke. Resumen: Uno de los objetivos del grupo que estudió las arañas en el proyecto "Mecanismos mantener una gran diversidad en los trópicos” (ver capítulo anterior) fue Reconocer las variables bióticas y abióticas que actúan sobre la diversidad de las arañas. Una de las líneas dentro de este objetivo fue la evaluación de la coexistencia de un grupo restringido de especies de la familia Ctenidae que se encuentran en Reserva Ducke.

In Colombia, European, indigenous and black traditions have met and influenced each other since colonial times. However, the political and economic predominance of the elites produced a subordination of the autochthonous musical practices and their subsequent transformation. This article intends to consider the Colombian social structure as the element from which the musical traditions of the country should have been modeled. In this way, we seek to explain the evolution of certain artistic expressions of the country, in particular of the rhythms erected as national symbols, as a result of the ethnic differentiation that the pro-European ideals of the elites fostered. Resumen: En Colombia, las tradiciones europeas, indígenas y negras se han encontrado e influido mutuamente desde la época colonial. Sin embargo, el predominio político y económico de las élites produjo una subordinación de las prácticas musicales autóctonas y su posterior transformación. Este artículo pretende considerar la estructura social colombiana como el elemento a partir del cual las tradiciones musicales del país debieron ser modeladas. De esta manera, buscamos explicar la evolución de ciertas expresiones artísticas del país, en particular de los ritmos erigidos como símbolos nacionales, como resultado de la diferenciación étnica que los ideales europeístas de las élites fomentaban.

Organotypic brain culture is an experimental tool widely used in neuroscience studies. One major drawback of this technique is reduced neuronal survival across time, which is likely exacerbated by the loss of blood flow. We have designed a novel, tube flow system, which is easily incorporated into the commonly-used, standard semi-permeable membrane culture methodology which has significantly enhanced neuronal survival in a brain stem nucleus involved in control of motivated and arousal states: the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT). Our automated system provides nutrients and removes waste in a comparatively aseptic environment, while preserving temperature, and oxygen levels. Using immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology, our system was found superior to standard techniques in preserving tissue quality and survival of LDT cells for up to 2 weeks. In summary, we provide evidence for the first time that the LDT can be preserved in organotypic slice culture, and further, our technical improvements of adding a flow system, which likely enhanced perfusion to the slice, were associated with enhanced neuronal survival. Our perfusion system is expected to facilitate organotypic experiments focused on chronic stimulations and multielectrode recordings in the LDT, as well as enhance neuronal survival in slice cultures originating from other brain regions.

Phoneutria is one of the most medically important spider genera; however, its ecology is poorly known. In Amazonian upland rainforests, there are two sympatric species of the genus Phoneutria, P. reidyi (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897) and P. fera Perty 1833. For 15 months we collected data on the spatial distribution, use of habitat (activity on the ground or vegetation) and temporal changes in body size structure in a forest reserve near Manaus city in three distinct habitats: dense forest, located on the plateaus on yellow latossol; swamp forest, located in the valleys; and heath forest or “campinarana,” on dry white sand soil in the Reserva Florestal Ducke. A total of 239 P. reidyi and 239 P. fera were captured in nocturnal searches during their period of activity. There were significant differences between the two species: 1) P. reidyi existed in higher abundance in the swamp forest than in the dense forest areas and was almost absent in the heath forest, while P. fera existed in similar abundance in the three habitats. 2) During their development, members of both species used the vegetation as an area of activity, but the subadults and adults of P. reidyi were less often found on the ground than the subadults and adults of P. fera. 3) P. reidyi more frequently used small or acaulescent palms as a substrate, and its abundance was directly related to the abundance of these palms, independent of the habitat, while P. fera did not show such relationship. 4) There was a strong temporal variation in the body size structure of the P. reidyi population indicating seasonal reproduction, but there was no evidence of seasonal reproduction by P. fera. We suggest that the differences in the use of habitat and in the seasonality of reproduction are related to the avoidance of intraguild predation between these species. Abstract: Phoneutria es uno de los géneros de arañas más importantes desde el punto de vista médico; Sin embargo, su ecología es poco conocida. En las selvas tropicales de las tierras altas amazónicas, hay dos especies simpáticas del género Phoneutria, P. reidyi (FO Pickard-Cambridge 1897) y P. fera Perty 1833. Durante 15 meses recolectamos datos sobre la distribución espacial, el uso del hábitat (actividad en el suelo o vegetación) y cambios temporales en la estructura del tamaño del cuerpo en una reserva forestal cerca de la ciudad de Manaus en tres hábitats distintos: bosque denso, ubicado en las mesetas en latossol amarillo; bosque pantanoso, ubicado en los valles; y bosque de brezales o “campinarana”, en suelo seco de arena blanca en la Reserva Florestal Ducke. Un total de 239 P. reidyi y 239 P. fera fueron capturados en búsquedas nocturnas durante su período de actividad. Hubo diferencias significativas entre las dos especies: 1) P. reidyi existió en mayor abundancia en el bosque de “baixio” que en las áreas de bosque denso y estuvo casi ausente en el bosque de brezo, mientras que P. fera existió en abundancia similar en los tres hábitats. 2) Durante su desarrollo, los miembros de ambas especies usaron la vegetación como un área de actividad, pero los subadultos y adultos de P. reidyi se encontraron con menos frecuencia en el suelo que los subadultos y adultos de P. fera. 3) P. reidyi utilizó con mayor frecuencia palmeras pequeñas o acaulentas como sustrato, y su abundancia estuvo directamente relacionada con la abundancia de estas palmas, independientemente del hábitat, mientras que P. fera no mostró tal relación. 4) Hubo una fuerte variación temporal en la estructura del tamaño corporal de la población de P. reidyi indicando reproducción estacional, pero no hubo evidencia de reproducción estacional por P. fera. Sugerimos que las diferencias en el uso del hábitat y en la estacionalidad de la reproducción están relacionadas con la evitación de la depredación intragremio entre estas especies.

By ignoring how conflict and displacement disrupt the location of home for those who flee within national borders, studies on displacement have largely failed to fully understand the material and symbolic impacts of living without a place called home. Drawing on the experiences of internally displaced people in Colombia, this paper argues that following conflict and displacement home becomes neither an entirely fixed place those who escape conflict unequivocally want to return nor an entirely mobile space they necessarily experience on the move. Rather than ambiguously attached to the place left behind or refashioned on the move, the empirical findings reveal that home is consistently experienced by the displaced as a tension between ‘here’ and ‘there’ or ‘nowhere’. Although many displaced people do find a physical place to live following displacement they experience the sense of being trapped in a liminal space where they feel emotionally and existentially homeless. Analysis of detailed interviews shows that most of them continue to search for a sense, rather than a place called, home. A home which is emotional and affective rather than purely physical. The paper concludes by highlighting how sedentarist and non-sedentarist understandings of home coexist in the displaced location of home.

"We studied temporal variation in adult size and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) of seven hunting spider species, Ctenus amphora, C. crulsi, C. manauara, C. villasboasi (Ctenidae), Phoneutria fera, P. reidyi (Ctenidae), and Ancylometes rufus (Pisauridae) in a tropical rainforest, and one species from a relatively open vegetation habitat, C. minor, in central Amazonia. Size variation was great within and among field trips. Spiders were generally smaller in October (end of dry season) when compared with other months: adults of C. amphora, C. crulsi and C. manauara were significantly smaller in October 1995 when compared to February 1996; P. fera were smaller in October 1998 than in June 1998; and A. rufus were smaller in October 1998 than in August 1998. The temporal variation in size is possibly a result of low prey availability during the dry season. Six species had significant differences in prosoma length between males and females: C. amphora, C. crulsi, C. manauara and C. minor had larger males (which is considered rare in spiders), and P. reidyi and P. fera had larger females. However, considering an alternative index of size, the ‘‘rough area’’ (an approximate measure of the area of the spider as seen from above), the males were significantly larger for all species (up to 2.8 times in C. minor), because they have longer legs relative to their prosoma length. We suggest that selection for high mobility may be the reason for adult males with longer legs, and that the smaller species had higher degrees of sexual dimorphism in leg length because of the relative size of obstacles in the leaf litter. Resumen: Estudiamos la variación temporal en el tamaño adulto y el dimorfismo del tamaño sexual (SSD) de siete especies de arañas cazadoras, Ctenus amphora, C. crulsi, C. manauara, C. villasboasi (Ctenidae), Phoneutria fera, P. reidyi (Ctenidae) y Ancylometes rufus (Pisauridae) en una selva tropical, y una especie de un hábitat de vegetación relativamente abierto, C. minor, en la Amazonía central. La variación de tamaño fue excelente dentro y entre las excursiones. Las arañas fueron generalmente más pequeñas en octubre (final de la estación seca) en comparación con otros meses: los adultos de C. amphora, C. crulsi y C. manauara fueron significativamente más pequeños en octubre de 1995 en comparación con febrero de 1996; P. fera fueron más pequeños en octubre de 1998 que en junio de 1998; y A. rufus fueron más pequeños en octubre de 1998 que en agosto de 1998. La variación temporal en el tamaño es posiblemente el resultado de la baja disponibilidad de presas durante la estación seca. Seis especies tenían diferencias significativas en la longitud del prosoma entre machos y hembras: C. amphora, C. crulsi, C. manauara y C. minor tenían machos más grandes (lo que se considera raro en las arañas), y P. reidyi y P. fera tenían más hembras, Sin embargo, considerando un índice de tamaño alternativo, el ""área rugosa"" (una medida aproximada del área de la araña como se ve desde arriba), los machos fueron significativamente más grandes para todas las especies (hasta 2,8 veces en C. minor), porque tienen piernas más largas en relación con la longitud de su prosoma. Sugerimos que la selección para una alta movilidad puede ser la razón de los machos adultos con patas más largas, y que las especies más pequeñas tenían grados más altos de dimorfismo sexual en la longitud de las patas debido al tamaño relativo de los obstáculos en la hojarasca."