This work brings analytical clarity and original insights to the much-debated questions of whether and how to include violations of economic and social rights (ESRs) within the mandate of several widely used transitional justice mechanisms. First, it provides a nuanced and comprehensive framework of analysis to examine whether the inclusion of large-scale ESR violations within the powers of the studied mechanisms is in conformity with the functions they have had traditionally. Second, by analyzing the implementation of this analytical framework with respect to the power to adjudicate and provide reparations for large-scale ESR violations, it sheds new light on important aspects of these questions. It demonstrates that exercising the two mentioned powers by the analyzed mechanisms with respect to large-scale ESR violations is mostly in conformity with the functions these mechanisms have had traditionally. It also shows that most of the challenges that including these violations within the two studied powers would pose to the institutional competence and democratic legitimacy of the examined mechanisms are because these are large-scale abuses, not that they are ESR violations. Resumen: ¿Deben las violaciones de los derechos económicos y sociales (‘DES’) ser incluidas dentro del ámbito de la justicia transicional? En caso afirmativo, ¿cómo? Mi estudio hace importantes aportes al análisis de estas preguntas, específicamente respecto a la inclusión de las violaciones masivas de los DES dentro de los poderes de ciertos mecanismos de justicia transicional usados de manera frecuente. En primer lugar, mi artículo elabora un marco de análisis exhaustivo y matizado para examinar si la inclusión de las violaciones masivas de los DES dentro de los poderes de los mecanismos de justicia transicional estudiados, se ajusta o no a las funciones que estos tradicionalmente han tenido. En segundo lugar, al analizar la implementación de este marco de análisis con respecto a los poderes de adjudicar y de reparar violaciones masivas de los DES, mi trabajo aporta nuevas ideas e información sobre aspectos de importancia crítica de las cuestiones analizadas.

This paper analyses the forces and dynamics organizing the real estate development process, both from the provision of affordable housing and the promotion of real estate sector as the engine of the local economy. An indepth case-study of Bogotá has been conducted looking at the structural determinants of the urban real estate trajectory and how a particular administration affects the same. Two main findings are brought forward: firstly, the distribution and land use has been the most important factor of production in the-defining the urban trajectory of Bogotá through processes of ‘accumulation by dispossession’. This reflects in the coexistence of formal and informal markets, which are mediated by the growing scarcity of land and high prices. Secondly, while the Administration of Gustavo Petro strived to address these issues, its policies were not effective in reversing the speculation patterns or providing housing for the poor. Rather, they deepened these issues and further impacted the performance of the local economy. Resumen: Este documento analiza las fuerzas y dinámicas que organizan el proceso de desarrollo inmobiliario, tanto desde la provisión de viviendas asequibles como desde la promoción del sector inmobiliario como motor de la economía local. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de caso en Bogotá que analiza los determinantes estructurales de la trayectoria de los bienes inmuebles urbanos y la manera como una administración particular los influye o afecta. Se presentan dos hallazgos principales: en primer lugar, la distribución y el uso del suelo han sido el factor de producción más importante en la definición de la trayectoria urbana de Bogotá? a través de procesos de "acumulación por despojo"". Esto se refleja en la coexistencia de los mercados formales e informales, que están mediados por la creciente escasez de tierras y los altos precios. En segundo lugar, si bien la Administración de Gustavo Petro se esforzó? por abordar estos problemas, sus políticas no fueron efectivas para revertir los patrones de especulación o proporcionar viviendas a los pobres. Más bien, profundizaron estos problemas e impactaron aún más el desempeño de la economía local.

The present paper gives an overview of the study of secondary data obtained by metadata research focused on geothermal survey. Through the database from Colombia Geological Survey were obtained chemical information of thermal waters in Puracé volcano area and these were characterized respectively. This volcano is located at southwestern of Cauca department in Colombia, along the Coconucos Volcanic Chain. The waters were classified according to Piper Diagram in three main types; calcium-chloride, sodium-chloride and sodium-potassium-bicarbonate waters. All the samples chosen were verified with charge balance error for further geothermal studies where some sample were discarded, and the suitable ones were carried out in studies of solute geothermometers. The geothermometry estimated a reservoir temperature between 150-220°C and mixing processes were identified through of stable isotopes providing information about the origin. Finally, according with the geology and the chemistry of thermal.

The Puracé Volcano is located in the Cauca department, SW of Colombia, along the Coconucos volcanic chain. This volcano is an interesting target for geothermal exploration, because it is a young caldera-type volcano, with thermal activity (e.g. hot springs and fumaroles). Using hydro-geochemical analyses of hot springs, we determine the type of water, origin and relation with the geothermal system, reservoir temperature, mixing process and finally the potential areas for future exploration. The analyzed water-types are bicarbonate, dilute-chloride, sulphate-chloride, acid-sulphate and heated steam-acid sulfated. The conservative elements, allow to identify the correlation between different springs and to infer commune sources. Moreover, the applied solutes geothermometers for each suitable thermal-water group were used to estimate the reservoir temperature. The Silica geothermometers resulted within a range of 120°C -170°C while those the Cation geothermometers are above these temperatures reflecting values from 160°C to 220°C. However, the Cation geothermometer of low temperature clearly identify another zone of lower temperature. Mixing and recharge processes, were identified through of stable isotopes. Finally, the preliminary geothermal model shows two zones of high enthalpy system (>150°C).

The amazon region is vast area of rainforest and rich in wildlife and biodiversity. Furthermore, for centuries it has been considered a source of natural resources. In Caquetá, Colombia in 2017, after the signing of the peace process between the government and the Guerrilla FARC, a wave of deforestation without precedent in this century began, putting this fragile ecosystem at risk. The drivers are the poverty, lack of title of the land, and traditional economies based on cattle raising and extraction of natural resources all based on the capitalist model of development in Colombia. In this dissertation, my objective to address the following research question: To what extent can capitalism generate a balance between developing a good quality of life for the Amazonian communities and the preservation of the rainforest? To find this balance between protection of natural resources and economic and social development for local communities, this paper is divided in four parts. In the first part the context will be explained using a main argument alongside the research methodology used to build this document. In the second part a literature review from the academic’s debates about capitalism and environment conservation and local participation in sustainable projects will be presented. In the third part my argument to address the research question based on academic literature and analyse the context of the Caquetá region and Colombian government initiatives will be presented. Finally, in the fourth part a general conclusion of the research document will be presented.

We carried out differential measurements of temperature and image motion in a convective Rayleigh-Bénard water tank to test the assumption of Kolmogorov turbulence. Careful selection of the experimental methodology is required to arrive at the agreement between theory and experiment.

Transport Oriented Development (TOD) is an urban planning strategy in which the development of the city favors the interrelationships between public transport systems and the different urban developments, TOD is characterized by promoting mixed, compact and and adequate and diverse of uses around stations or nodes of public transport systems (for example, in a radius of 500 to 700 m. around). TOD has gained relevance given urban trends that denote the resurgence of investments in historic centers or revitalization processes of historic city centers. Urban projects, such as transport projects, in their different stages of conception, planning or execution, can determine not only the shape of the city and its future growth, but also have a significant impact on urban life, its quality and durability. Resumen: El Desarrollo urbano Orientado al Transporte Público (DOTP) (Transit Oriented Development, TOD por sus siglas en inglés) puede entenderse como una estrategia de planificación e intervención urbana en la cual el desarrollo de la ciudad favorece las interrelaciones entre los sistemas de transporte público y los distintos desarrollos urbanos, El DOTP se caracteriza por promover desarrollos de usos mixtos, compactos y con densidades adecuadas y variadas que se generan al- rededor de estaciones o nodos de los sistemas de transporte públicos (ejemplo, en un radio de 500 a 700 m. alrededor). El DOTP ha ganado relevancia dadas las tendencias urbanas que denotan el resurgir de las inversiones en los centros históricos, o los procesos de regeneración de los centros tradicionales de las ciudades. Los proyectos urbanos, como por ejemplo los de transporte, en sus distintas etapas de concepción, planeación o ejecución, pueden determinar no sólo la forma de la ciudad y su futuro crecimiento, sino que también tienen una incidencia significativa en la vida urbana, su calidad y perdurabilidad.

This report intends to introduce the reader to the basics of Indoor Navigation. The document starts recalling the importance of this localization method and the unavoidable need of this services nowadays. Then, a description of the location based services is explained within its subparts which is ILBS and the common structure of this method. A general explanation of this method structure is also included. Next, the document describes the different Indoor Positioning Technologies and the most used are explained; RF-Based Positioning Technologies and Non-RF-Based Positioning. The text continues with a brief explanation of Indoor Mobile Navigation Mapping and a description of its development problems. Within this part, the Grid Based Maps technique is described. Finally, the two last chapters describes the problem proposed for this project and the solution method to overcome this hypothesis which is divided in two stages. This two final solutions demonstrates the great importance of this location method for new technologies and nowadays lifestyle. Resumen: Este informe pretende presentar al lector los conceptos básicos de la navegación interior. El documento comienza a recalcar la importancia de este método de localización y la necesidad inevitable de estos servicios hoy en día. Luego, se explica una descripción de los servicios basados en la ubicación dentro de sus subpartes, que es ILBS y la estructura común de este método. También se incluye una explicación general de la estructura de este método. A continuación, el documento describe las diferentes tecnologías de posicionamiento en interiores y se explican las más utilizadas; Tecnologías de posicionamiento basadas en RF y posicionamiento no basado en RF. El texto continúa con una breve explicación del mapeo de navegación móvil en interiores y una descripción de sus problemas de desarrollo. Dentro de esta parte, se describe la técnica de mapas basados en cuadrícula. Finalmente, los dos últimos capítulos describen el problema propuesto para este proyecto y el método de solución para superar esta hipótesis que se divide en dos etapas. Estas dos soluciones finales demuestran la gran importancia de este método de ubicación para las nuevas tecnologías y el estilo de vida actual.

Bovine neosporosis is a parasitic disease with worldwide distribution that causes important economic losses. Because of the limited information on the occurrence of Neospora caninum infection in Colombia, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and identify the risk factors associated with this infection in cattle in Antioquia, which is the largest milk-producing state in the country. We collected 1,038 blood samples from Holstein, Jersey and crossbred cows from 31 farms. An epidemiologic questionnaire was given to all the owners. A commercial ELISA kit was used as the diagnostic technique. The occurrence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was determined to be 28.3% (294/1038), and 100% of the screened farms were positive, indicating that all the properties had at least one positive animal. The seropositivity within each farm ranged from 5.5% to 50%. A multivariable logistic regression model identified the following as significant risk factors: history of abortion (OR=5.33, p<0.001), replacement with cattle purchased outside the farm (OR=1.54, p<0.05), age (OR=1.7, p<0.01) and poor hygienic practices associated with manual milking (OR=1.69, p<0.01). The latter two factors suggest that horizontal transmission is an important route of infection. This study is the first to report the seroprevalence of and risk factors for N. caninum infection in Antioquia and allows us to conclude that N. caninum is widely distributed in this region. Resumen:La neosporosis bovina es una enfermedad parasitaria con amplia distribución mundial que causa importantes pérdidad económicas. Debido a la limitada información de la ocurrencia de infección de Neospora caninum en Colombia, este estudio tiene por objetivo determinar la seroprevalencia e identificar los factores dee riesgo asociados a esta infección en bovinos de leche de Antioquia, el cual es el mayor productor de leche del país. Fueeon colectadas 1.038 muestras de sangre en vacas Holstein, Jersey y razas cruzadas en 31 propiedades. Un cuestionario epidemiológico fue realizado a cada propietario. Un kit comercial de ELISA fue usado como técnica diagnóstica. La ocurrencia de anticuerpos anti-Neospora caninum fue de 28.3% (294/1038), y 100% de las propiedades fueron positivas, indicando que todas tenían por lo menos un animal positivo. El rango de seropositividad entre las granjas varió ente 5.5% a 50%.Un modelo de regresión logística multivariada identificó los siguientes factores de riesgo : historia de aborto (OR=5.33, p<0.001), reemplazo con animales comprados en otras granjas (OR=1.54, p<0.05), edad (OR=1.7, p<0.01) y las pobres condiciones higiénicas asociadas al ordeño manual OR=1.69, p<0.01). Los últimos dos factores de riesgo sugieren que la transmisión horizontal es una importante ruta de infección. Este estudio es el primer reporte de seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo para Neospora caninum en Antioquia, permitiendo concluir la amplia distribución de este agente en la región.

Dada la dificultad que tienen los emprendimientos sostenibles en la consecución de financiación, este trabajo pretende concebir la forma en que los inversionistas de impacto deciden sobre la asignación de dichos recursos. La metodología adoptada se basa en un análisis cualitativo de 25 casos de estudio, aplicando teoría fundamentada. Los resultados indican que estos inversionistas contemplan elementos de decisión objetivos y subjetivos propios de un proceso convencional de análisis de riesgo. Finalmente, se esquematiza un conjunto de criterios de valoración para el otorgamiento de inversiones de impacto orientado a servir de guía a los aspirantes de este tipo de apoyos.