Abstract: Algorithms for minimizing other regular criteria than the makespan in the Flexible Job-shop Scheduling Problem (FJSP) are rather scarce. In this paper, we propose a local search algorithm to optimize any regular criterion in the FJSP, which makes use of the disjunctive graph model to represent schedules and search for an optimal solution. Two neighborhood structures are proposed based on moving critical operations. Efficient conditions for testing the feasibility of moves are presented and new move evaluation functions are proposed. The efficiency of the algorithm is shown on instances of the classical job-shop scheduling problem with total weighted tardiness, as well as on instances of the FJSP with other regular criteria. Resumen: Algoritmos formulados para minimizar criterios regulares diferentes al makespan en el problema de scheduling job-shop flexible son realmente escasos. En este paper se propone un algoritmo de búsqueda local para optimizar cualquier criterio regular que utiliza una gráfica disyuntiva para representar soluciones y la forma para optimizar. Aquí se propone un test de factibilidad para el movimiento de operaciones críticas y una función de estimación. La eficiencia del algoritmo es evidenciado al alcanzar resultados de calidad en instancias de la tardanza total en el problema clásico de Job-shop, como también en instancias del job-shop flexible con otros criterios regulares.

This paper describes the experimental conditions in surface acoustic wave (SAW) designed on aluminum nitride (AlN) films grown on Si3 N 4 substrates by using pulsed laser deposition. Moreover it was studied the dependency of optical properties with temperature of deposition. The thickness, measured by profilometry technology, was 150 nm for all films. Moreover, SAW devices with a Mo/AlN/Si3N4 configuration were fabricated employing AlN buffer and Mo Channel.

Urban trees are a dominant natural element in cities; they provide important ecosystem services to urban citizens and help urban areas adapt to climate change. Many rationales have been proposed to provide a purpose for urban forest management, some of which have been ineffective in addressing important ecological and social management themes. Among these rationales we find a values-based perspective, which sees management as a process where the desires of urban dwellers are met. Another perspective is climate change adaptation, which sees management as a process where urban forest vulnerability to climate change is reduced and resilience enhanced. Both these rationales have the advantage of complementing, enhancing, and broadening urban forest management objectives. A critical analysis of the literature on public values related to urban forests and climate change adaptation in the context of urban forests is undertaken to discuss what it means to adopt these two issues in urban forest management. The analysis suggests that by seeing urban forest management as a process by which public values are satisfied and urban-forest vulnerabilities to climate change are reduced, we can place issues such as naturalization, adaptive management, and engaging people in management at the centre of urban forest management. Focusing urban forest management on these issues may help ensure the success of programs focused on planting more trees and increasing citizen participation in urban forest management.

Objective This study was aimed at comparing cardiorespiratory fitness (CF), measured as VO2 max, amongst school children exposed to varying levels of particulate matter (PM10), and air pollution in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study; it involved 1,045 children aged 7-12 attending four public schools served by different public transit routes and systems. Three schools were classified as being highly polluted (HP) and one slightly polluted (SP). The children and their parents were surveyed to collect data regarding their socio-demographic characteristics, physical activity habits and respiratory disease background. Objective measurements of weight and height were used to calculate the body mass index. VO2max was estimated using the 20-meter shuttle-run test, previously validated for Bogotá. Spirometry was performed on 435 children. Results After adjustment for covariates, no difference was found inVO2max between children attending SP or HP schools (girls SP 45.8 ml/kg/min vs HP 44.6 ml/kg/min, p=0.11;boys SP 47.2 ml/kg/min cf HP 48.2 ml/kg/min, p=0.41). Conclusions VO2max levels did not differ amongst children attending schools exposed to high compared to low levels of air pollution and PM. A longitudinal study assessing children’s VO2max levels in relation to exposure to highly-polluted areas is warranted.

Resumo: O câncer de colo do útero no Brasil é a terceira neoplasia mais comum em mulheres e apresenta alta mortalidade. O objetivo foi o de avaliar a mortalidade por câncer de colo do útero, ocorrida no Estado de Santa Catarina, no período de 2000 a 2009.Estudo descritivo de base populacional, com a inclusão de todos os óbitos de mulheres, por câncer de colo do útero. Nos dados coletados do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade, do Ministério da Saúde brasileiro, foram identificadas 1253 mortes de mulheres associadas a esta neoplasia.A taxa de mortalidade calculada variou no período entre 3,6 a 4,9 mortes por 100.000 mulheres, sendo mais elevada em mulheres com sessenta e mais anos. A enfermagem contribui para a construção da cultura de prevenção desta neoplasia, para realização dos testes diagnósticos e para a captação e o seguimento das mulheres de risco pela rede básica de saúde. Resumen: El cáncer de cuello uterino en Brasil es la tercera neoplasia más común en mujeres y presenta alta mortalidad. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la mortalidad por causa del cáncer de cuello uterino en el Estado de Santa Catarina, en el periodo de 2000 a 2009.Es un estudio descriptivo, con la inclusión de todas las muertes de mujeres por causa del cáncer de cuello uterino. En los datos recogidos en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, identificó 1253 muertes de mujeres relacionadas con esta neoplasia.La tasa de mortalidad calculada en el período varió 3,6 a 4,9 muertes por 100.000 mujeres, siendo mayor en las mujeres con más de sesenta años. La enfermería contribuye a construir una cultura de prevención de esta neoplasia, para realización de las pruebas de diagnóstico y para la captura y seguimiento de las mujeres en riesgo por la red atención primaria de salud.

El material particulado, medido como PM10, es el contaminante que más afecta la calidad del aire en Bogotá. Conocer la composición del material particulado es crucial para entender cuáles son las fracciones químicas que más aportan a ese contaminante e identificar posibles fuentes generadoras de él. En este artículo se presenta el resultado de la caracterización de especies iónicas, fracciones carbonáceas, metales y elementos minerales del material particulado en dos puntos de Bogotá. Con base en los resultados de caracterización se realiza un análisis de neutralidad iónica y reconstrucción másica para comparar la consistencia de los resultados obtenidos. La composición es diferente para cada sector, pero en general las fracciones que más aportan al material particulado son la geológica (asociada a polvo fugitivo y resuspendido), entre el 37 y 42%; las fracciones carbonáceas, que son las que más aportan, entre un 12 y 11% para el carbono elemental y un 43 y 34% para materia orgánica; la fracción iónica se encontró entre un 5 y 8%. Particulate matter, measured as PM10, is the most concerning airborne pollutant in Bogotá. Determining its chemical composition is important for understanding its potential effects and to estimate various sources’ contribution to such pollution. This paper gives the results of characterising the ionic species, carbonaceous material, metals and crustal elements present in airborne PM10 in Bogotá. An ion charge balance and mass reconstruction were done for determining consistency between chemical characterisation and gravimetric PM10. The composition was different in each area; however, the fractions contributing most to PM10 were crustal, 37% to 42% was related to fugitive and suspended dust, 12% to 11% was related to carbonaceus fractions, 43% to elemental carbon, 34% for organic matter and 5% to 8% for ionic fractions.

Resumo: A hemorragia representa um conjunto de causas que incide sobre a mulher durante o ciclo grávido-puerperal e com atenção indevida resulta em morte. Os autores têm como obje vo analisar as mortes mater- nas relacionadas à hemorragia ocorridas no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil.Os dados foram ob dos junto ao Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade e Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Estudo descriptivo no qual foram analisados 491 óbitos maternos ocorridos no período de 1997 a 2010.Desses, 61 es veram relacionados à hemorragia, correspondendo a 12,42%, sendo a hemorragia pós-parto a causa mais prevalente, com 26 óbitos, seguida por descolamento prematuro de placenta com 15, representando 67,21% dos casos.A mortalidade materna por hemorragia é um problema de saúde pública no Estado de Santa Catarina, devido a sua alta preva- lência e as causas básicas são preveníveis. Resumen: La hemorragia representa un conjunto de causas que incide sobre la mujer durante el ciclo gestacional y puerperal, y con una atención indebida resulta en la muerte.Los autores tienen como objetivo analizar las muertes maternas relacionadas con la hemorragia, ocurridas en el Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Los datos fueron obtenidos del Sistema de Información deMortalidad y Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos, del Ministerio de Salud del Brasil. Estudio descriptivo en el cual fueron analizados 491 muertes maternas, durante el período de 1997 al 2010.De los cuales, 61 estuvieron relacionadas con la hemorragia, correspondiendo a 12,42%, siendo la hemorragia post-parto la causa más prevalente con 26 muertes, seguida por el desprendimiento prematuro de placenta con 15, representando el 67,21% de los casos.La mortalidad materna por hemorragia es un problema de salud pública en el Estado de Santa Catarina, debido a su alta prevalencia y las causas básicas que son prevenibles.

This dissertation seeks to expose the relationships between State and Violence in the cases of extrajudicial executions that occurred massively during Álvaro Uribe’s Presidential tenure, showing how Democratic Security policy represents the framework of such legitimization. In this sense, it puts at stake the classical definitions of the State concerning the monopoly of the use of force by posing the following question at the center of the debate: Is it only the legal use of force that the State controls? It will be based on a case study of extrajudicial executions which occurred in the Eastern Antioquia region of Colombia and then it will analyze the discourses of various state agents about the cases, to show the patterns of creation of a combat scenario for the illegal killings and to analyse the official responses as denial discourses regarding the cases nationwide. Data have been collected from newspapers, magazines, reports from State agencies, NGOs and from the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions. The above patterns of State responses and the cases themselves show how legality is constructed and legitimized in violent ways in regarding extrajudicial executions cases in Colombia: by silencing the context, dealing with bodies and how they are recovered and counted, denying the facts, and denying the victims.

Abstract: Introduction: Moebius syndrome is a rare congenital disorder that is treated by several specialists, moreover the role of the otolaryngologist is not well established and there are no specific guidelines for its management and follow-up. Methods: We made a descriptional, observational and prospective study where patients of all ages with the diagnosis of Moebius syndrome were included between June 2012 and September 2014 in the Otolarygology Department of the General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez”. After a complete otolaryngology history was made, we performed on patients under 4 years otoacoustic emissions and/or auditory brainstem response tests, and a audiometry on patients over 5 years old; besides that a tympanometry and stapedial reflexes were performed. A polysomnography was ordered in case patients had suggestive clinical data of any sleep diorder breathing. Results: The association with other genetic síndromes was low (17.5%) being primarily with Pierre Robin síndrome. Common craneofacial anomalies were wide nasal dorsum and micrognathia (37.5%), as well as mandibular hipoplasia, hiperterlorism and cleft palate. Seventy percent of patients had normal hearing and 52.5% of the tympanometries were abnormal. Patients who had suggestive clinical features for sleep apnea, 92% had a positive result in the polysomnography. Conclusions: There are no specific otolaryngologic clinical manifestations, moreover those who had craniofacial malformations were more susceptible in having them. The evaluation of the otolaryngologist is crucial in order to rule out these features and promote the correct rehabilitation of the patient along with other medical specialties. Resumen: Introducción: El síndrome de Moebius es un trastorno congénito raro, visto por varias especialidades médicas, sin embargo el papel del otorrinolaringólogo no está bien establecido ni existen guías para su manejo y seguimiento. Objetivos: Determinar las manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas en estos pacientes para establecer un protocolo diagnóstico y terapéutico con fines multidisciplinarios. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y prospectivo donde se incluyeron a pacientes de todas las edades con diagnóstico de síndrome de Moebius, atendidos entre junio de 2012 a septiembre de 2014 en el servicio de otorrinolaringología del Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González. Posterior a una historia otorrinolaringológica completa, se realizaron emisiones otoacústicas y/o potenciales evocados auditivos de tallo cerebral en menores de 3 años y audiometría en mayores de 4 años, además de timpanometría y reflejos estapediales. Se solicitó una polisomnografía en pacientes con datos clínicos sugestivos de trastornos respiratorios del dormir. Resultados: La asociación con otros síndromes genéticos fue baja (17.5%) siendo principalmente con Pierre Robin (7.5%). Las anormalidades craneofaciales comunes fueron dorso nasal ancho y micrognatia (37.5%), así como hipoplasia maxilar, hipertelorismo y paladar hendido. El 68% presentó normoacusia y el 45% presentaron timpanometrías anormales. De los pacientes con datos sugestivos para apnea del sueño 92% presentaron un resultado positivo por polisomnografía. Conclusiones: No existe un patrón de manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas específicas, sin embargo aquéllos con malformaciones craneofaciales son más susceptibles a presentarlos. La valoración del otorrinolaringólogo resulta imprescindible para descartarlos y promover la rehabilitación del paciente junto con otras especialidades médicas.

Abstract: Leishmaniasis is endemic in south-west Europe. Recent data point to the spread and (re-)emergence of this disease in previously endemic and non-endemic European countries. A recent example is the urban community outbreak of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in the south-west of Madrid autonomous community, Spain, which began on 1 July 2009. A total of 446 cases associated to this outbreak were reported up to 31 December 2012. We show molecular typing data for 73 Leishmania infantum isolates obtained from January 2008 to July 2012 from different areas of Madrid, including those affected by the outbreak. Seven different genotypes were identified by combining data from two targets: the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS)-1 and -2 and the haspb (k26) gene. The results contribute to a better understanding of the parasite population circulating in the region, and indicate that most of the outbreak-associated isolates (22/31) were infected by parasites with the same combined genotype. Additional data from 82 L. infantum isolates typed as either MON-1 or MON-24 by isoenzyme analysis indicate that far from concluding that the outbreak was caused by a ‘new’ emerging genotype, further molecular typing-based surveillance studies are required to better understand the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the region. Resumen: La leishmaniasis es endémica en el suroeste de Europa. Datos recientes apuntan a la difusión y la (re) emergencia de esta enfermedad tanto en países europeos anteriormente endémicos como no endémicos. Un ejemplo reciente es el brote urbano de leishmaniasis cutánea y visceral en el sur- oeste de Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, España, que comenzó el 1 de julio de 2009. Un total de 446 casos relacionados con este brote se registraron hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2012. Se muestran los datos de tipificación molecular de 73 aislados de Leishmania infantum obtenidos de enero de 2008 a julio de 2012 desde las diferentes áreas de Madrid, incluidas las afectadas por el brote. Siete diferentes genotipos fueron identificados mediante la combinación de los datos de dos marcadores moleculares: los espaciadores transcritos internos (ITS) -1 y -2 y el gen (k26) haspb . Nuestros resultados contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de la población de parásitos que circula en la región, e indican que la mayoría de los aislados asociados al brote (22/31) se debían a parásitos con el mismo genotipo combinado. Adicionalmente, caracterizamos 82 aislados de L. infantum tipados como MON -1 o MON- 24 mediante el análisis de isoenzimas, y los datos obtenidos a partir de este segundo conjunto de cepas indican que el brote no fue causado por un genotipo emergente o "nuevo", sin embargo se requieren de estudios de vigilancia en tipificación para entender mejor la epidemiología de la leishmaniasis en la región.