The Puracé Volcano is located in the Cauca department, SW of Colombia, along the Coconucos volcanic chain. This volcano is an interesting target for geothermal exploration, because it is a young caldera-type volcano, with thermal activity (e.g. hot springs and fumaroles). Using hydro-geochemical analyses of hot springs, we determine the type of water, origin and relation with the geothermal system, reservoir temperature, mixing process and finally the potential areas for future exploration. The analyzed water-types are bicarbonate, dilute-chloride, sulphate-chloride, acid-sulphate and heated steam-acid sulfated. The conservative elements, allow to identify the correlation between different springs and to infer commune sources. Moreover, the applied solutes geothermometers for each suitable thermal-water group were used to estimate the reservoir temperature. The Silica geothermometers resulted within a range of 120°C -170°C while those the Cation geothermometers are above these temperatures reflecting values from 160°C to 220°C. However, the Cation geothermometer of low temperature clearly identify another zone of lower temperature. Mixing and recharge processes, were identified through of stable isotopes. Finally, the preliminary geothermal model shows two zones of high enthalpy system (>150°C).

The present paper gives an overview of the study of secondary data obtained by metadata research focused on geothermal survey. Through the database from Colombia Geological Survey were obtained chemical information of thermal waters in Puracé volcano area and these were characterized respectively. This volcano is located at southwestern of Cauca department in Colombia, along the Coconucos Volcanic Chain. The waters were classified according to Piper Diagram in three main types; calcium-chloride, sodium-chloride and sodium-potassium-bicarbonate waters. All the samples chosen were verified with charge balance error for further geothermal studies where some sample were discarded, and the suitable ones were carried out in studies of solute geothermometers. The geothermometry estimated a reservoir temperature between 150-220°C and mixing processes were identified through of stable isotopes providing information about the origin. Finally, according with the geology and the chemistry of thermal.

This paper analyses the forces and dynamics organizing the real estate development process, both from the provision of affordable housing and the promotion of real estate sector as the engine of the local economy. An indepth case-study of Bogotá has been conducted looking at the structural determinants of the urban real estate trajectory and how a particular administration affects the same. Two main findings are brought forward: firstly, the distribution and land use has been the most important factor of production in the-defining the urban trajectory of Bogotá through processes of ‘accumulation by dispossession’. This reflects in the coexistence of formal and informal markets, which are mediated by the growing scarcity of land and high prices. Secondly, while the Administration of Gustavo Petro strived to address these issues, its policies were not effective in reversing the speculation patterns or providing housing for the poor. Rather, they deepened these issues and further impacted the performance of the local economy. Resumen: Este documento analiza las fuerzas y dinámicas que organizan el proceso de desarrollo inmobiliario, tanto desde la provisión de viviendas asequibles como desde la promoción del sector inmobiliario como motor de la economía local. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de caso en Bogotá que analiza los determinantes estructurales de la trayectoria de los bienes inmuebles urbanos y la manera como una administración particular los influye o afecta. Se presentan dos hallazgos principales: en primer lugar, la distribución y el uso del suelo han sido el factor de producción más importante en la definición de la trayectoria urbana de Bogotá? a través de procesos de "acumulación por despojo"". Esto se refleja en la coexistencia de los mercados formales e informales, que están mediados por la creciente escasez de tierras y los altos precios. En segundo lugar, si bien la Administración de Gustavo Petro se esforzó? por abordar estos problemas, sus políticas no fueron efectivas para revertir los patrones de especulación o proporcionar viviendas a los pobres. Más bien, profundizaron estos problemas e impactaron aún más el desempeño de la economía local.

This work brings analytical clarity and original insights to the much-debated questions of whether and how to include violations of economic and social rights (ESRs) within the mandate of several widely used transitional justice mechanisms. First, it provides a nuanced and comprehensive framework of analysis to examine whether the inclusion of large-scale ESR violations within the powers of the studied mechanisms is in conformity with the functions they have had traditionally. Second, by analyzing the implementation of this analytical framework with respect to the power to adjudicate and provide reparations for large-scale ESR violations, it sheds new light on important aspects of these questions. It demonstrates that exercising the two mentioned powers by the analyzed mechanisms with respect to large-scale ESR violations is mostly in conformity with the functions these mechanisms have had traditionally. It also shows that most of the challenges that including these violations within the two studied powers would pose to the institutional competence and democratic legitimacy of the examined mechanisms are because these are large-scale abuses, not that they are ESR violations. Resumen: ¿Deben las violaciones de los derechos económicos y sociales (‘DES’) ser incluidas dentro del ámbito de la justicia transicional? En caso afirmativo, ¿cómo? Mi estudio hace importantes aportes al análisis de estas preguntas, específicamente respecto a la inclusión de las violaciones masivas de los DES dentro de los poderes de ciertos mecanismos de justicia transicional usados de manera frecuente. En primer lugar, mi artículo elabora un marco de análisis exhaustivo y matizado para examinar si la inclusión de las violaciones masivas de los DES dentro de los poderes de los mecanismos de justicia transicional estudiados, se ajusta o no a las funciones que estos tradicionalmente han tenido. En segundo lugar, al analizar la implementación de este marco de análisis con respecto a los poderes de adjudicar y de reparar violaciones masivas de los DES, mi trabajo aporta nuevas ideas e información sobre aspectos de importancia crítica de las cuestiones analizadas.

This paper reflects on the conceptual approach adopted, in international practice, to the design and implementation of initiatives to promote the rule of law at the national level. It pays particular attention to the understanding, in international practice, of the relationship between the rule of law, democracy, human rights and development. It does so by looking especially at the practice of the UN, and taking into account many empirical and theoretical studies. After first examining the predominant paradigm in the rule of law field adopted by the international community until 2010, and the evolution of international practice thereafter, it concludes that the observance of the rule of law in a given country is determined by political and economic structures, cultural norms, institutions and laws. On this basis, and acknowledging the critical importance of the adopted concepts of rule of law, democracy and human rights, it finds the increasing recognition by the UN of the mutually reinforcing impact of these notions as adequate. This approach allows greater attention to be paid to several socio-economic and political issues that significantly affect the observance of the rule of law in many developing countries, the main recipients of the work of the international community in this field. Based on these findings, it indicates areas for reform.

We explore how we can use synthetically generated RGB-D training data from a near photo-realistic game engine to train modality-specific person detectors. We perform ablation studies on a challenging, real-world dataset which we recorded using a Kinect v2 RGB-D sensor in multiple warehouse environments. Through extensive use of domain randomization techniques, we synthesize a realistic and highly varied training set of challenging intralogistics scenarios as observed from a mobile robot, comprising persons in confined and cluttered indoor spaces. We then train the detector layers of a YOLOv3 model from scratch on our synthetic RGB and jet-encoded depth images. While for the RGB case, we still observe a domain gap of 6 points in mAP compared to a pretrained COCO model, results indicate that by exploiting simulation, an immense manual labeling effort needed to prepare large-scale datasets such as MS COCO might be unnecessary for the depth modality. We further find that filtering of highly occluded groundtruth boundin boxes during training, as well as modeling of time-of-flight sensor noise characteristics has a positive impact on model performance. We also provide an initial set of qualitative results on our real-world dataset.

We have examined the impact of intermolecular vibrational coupling effects of the O-H stretch modes, as obtained by the surface-specific velocity-velocity correlation function approach, on the simulated sum-frequency generation spectra of the water/air interface. Our study shows that the inclusion of intermolecular coupling effects within the first three water layers, i.e. from the water / air interface up to a distance of 6 Å towards the bulk, is essential to reproduce the experimental SFG spectra. In particular, we find that these intermolecular vibrational contributions to the SFG spectra of the water/air interface are dominated by the coupling between the SFG active interfacial and SFG inactive bulk water molecules. Moreover, we find that most of the intermolecular vibrational contributions to the spectra originate from the coupling between double-donor water molecules only, whereas the remaining contributions originate mainly from the coupling between single-donor and double-donor water molecules. Resumen: En este artículo hemos examinado el impacto de las correlaciones vibracionales intermoleculares de los enlaces O-H obtenidos mediante la técnica de funciones de correlación velocidad-velocidad específica a superficies. Nuestro estudio demuestra que la inclusión de dichas correlaciones en las primeras tres capas, es decir, desde la interfaz agua/aire hasta distancias de 6 Angstroms hacia el bulk es esencial para reproducir el espectro experimental SFG. Particularmente, encontramos que estas contribuciones vibracionales intermoleculares al espectro SFG son dominadas por el acople entre las moléculas de agua activas bajo SFG en la interfaz y las moléculas de agua inactivas bajo SFG en el bulk. Además, encontramos que la contribución más importante al espectro SFG se originan a partir del acople entres moléculas de agua que donan dos enlaces de hidrógeno, mientras que la contribución restante se origina principalmente debido al acople entre moléculas de agua que solo donan un en lace de hidrógeno y aquellas que donan dos enlaces de hidrógeno.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the chemically assisted dissection with sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA), in the reduction of residual and recurrent cholesteatoma after mastoidectomy in children with chronic cholesteatomatous otitis media (CCOM). Study Design: Retrospective case–control study. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Population: One hundred forty mastoidectomies performed in patients under 18 years of age for the treatment of CCOM. Interventions: Chemically assisted dissection (CAD) with MESNA compared with surgical dissection without MESNA. Main Outcome Measures: Recidivism of cholesteatoma (recurrence and residual disease), variations in the average of bone conduction threshold after treatment, and complications. Results: Recidivism of cholesteatoma was significantly lower when CAD with MESNA was used (p<0.0001). No difference was found in the mean variation of the average of bone conduction thresholds between the groups, confirming its safety profile regarding auditory function. Meatoplasty stenosis after surgery was more prevalent within CAD with MESNA group (p: 0.049). Conclusion: Recurrent and residual cholesteatoma remains a problem, especially in children and despite surgical techniques such as canal wall down mastoidectomy and endoscopic ear surgery. CAD with MESNA can be safe and effective to reduce recurrence rates. Resumen. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la disección químicamente asistida con 2-mercaptoetanosulfonato de sodio (MESNA), en la reducción de colesteatoma residual y recurrente después de mastoidectomía en niños con otitis media colesteatomatosa crónica (OMCC). Diseño del estudio: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles. Lugar: Centro de referencia terciario pediatrico. Población: Ciento cuarenta mastoidectomías realizadas en pacientes menores de 18 años para el tratamiento de OMCC. Intervenciones: Disección químicamente asistida (DQA) con MESNA en comparación con disección quirúrgica sin MESNA. Principales medidas de resultado: Reincidencia de colesteatoma (recurrencia y enfermedad residual), variaciones en el promedio del umbral de conducción ósea después del tratamiento y complicaciones. Resultados: La reincidencia del colesteatoma fue significativamente menor cuando se utilizó DQA con MESNA (p <0,0001). No se encontraron diferencias en la variación media del promedio de los umbrales de conducción ósea entre los grupos, lo que confirma su perfil de seguridad con respecto a la función auditiva. La estenosis de la meatoplastia después de la cirugía fue más frecuente dentro del grupo de DQA con MESNA (p: 0.049). Conclusión: El colesteatoma recurrente y residual sigue siendo un problema, especialmente en niños y a pesar de las técnicas quirúrgicas, como la mastoidectomía radical y la cirugía endoscópica del oído. La DQA con MESNA puede ser segura y efectiva para reducir las tasas de recurrencia.

The empirical analysis presented in this paper shows that the policy--562 (known as the law of heights) that regulate the urban —renewal areas and affected a part of the city of Bogotá between 2014 and 2016, generated a deviation in the reference prices of the square meter constructed above the behaviour of the rest of the city in more than 6%. With the use of an extraordinary data set, we show that most of this effect was a speculative response and it also was the cause of a slow-down dynamic in the real estate market. Furthermore, was proved that the policy— 562 generated a negative effect on housing affordability particularly for lower— income groups due to an increase of 2.8% of prices and a reduction of new projects for housing solutions. We used an indicator of Difference-in-Difference and a process of matching to treat the data. Resumen: El análisis empírico presentado en este articulo muestra que la política pública 562 (conocida como el decreto de las alturas) que regulo las áreas de renovación urbana y afecto algunas partes de la ciudad de Bogotá entre el 2014 y 2016, genero una desviación en los precios de referencia de metro cuadrado construido por encima del comportamiento del resto de la ciudad en más del 6%. Con el uso de una base datos extraordinaria, mostramos que la mayor parte de este efecto fue una respuesta especulativa y causo una ralentización de la dinámica en el mercado inmobiliario. Además, se probó que la política 562 genero un efecto negativo en la adquisición de vivienda particularmente en los grupos de menores ingresos, a través de un incremento del 2.8% de los precios y una reducción en los nuevos proyectos de vivienda. Usamos un indicador de Difference-in-Difference y un proceso de matching para tratar los datos.

El artículo muestra la estrecha conexión existente entre el concepto de ética y el de tiempo mesiánico en la filosofía de Emmanuel Lévinas. Esto significa que la respuesta ética se da en un tiempo discontinuo en el que –además de romper la continuidad del tiempo ininterrumpido del progreso– el sujeto se convierte en el mesías que responde al sufrimiento del otro. Para lograr este propósito, el trabajo muestra la crítica de Lévinas a la historia ontológica como olvido de lo singular; posteriormente presenta la posición intermedia entre la perspectiva ontológica y la mesiánica representada en el punto de vista de Bergson, para mostrar luego cómo –para Lévinas– es en la tradición judía donde es posible encontrar una respuesta ética al sufrimiento del otro en el ahora del tiempo mesiánico.