Resumen: La Inteligencia Artificial (IA) está en todas partes. Es una parte importante de nuestros sistemas financieros, de nuestras redes sociales, e incluso de los mecanismos que usamos para resolver nuestras disputas legales. Aunque muchas profesiones relacionadas con el Derecho han sido identificadas como libres de automatización (Frey & Obsborne, 2013), esto no significa que nuestra industria sea inmune a la tecnología. Lo que significa es que, como lo menciona Kaplan (2015), en el estado actual de la tecnología, aún hay trabajos vitales dentro del campo legal para los cuales las máquinas no necesitan ser utilizadas. Todo abogado utiliza bases de datos para revisar los precedentes, las leyes aplicables y las normas de los procesos judiciales. En general, como abogados nos basamos en inteligencia artificial incluso cuando "Googleamos" un tema relevante para investigar un caso. Estos ejemplos cotidianos ilustran el amplio impacto que la tecnología tiene en nuestra profesión y la sutil definición de un "sistema inteligente". Muestran, además, lo importante que es para los profesionales del derecho entender cómo la tecnología está afectando nuestro campo. En sentido amplio, un sistema inteligente puede ser definido como cualquier sistema que toma la información proporcionada por el usuario y le da, a cambio, una salida procesada a través de un proceso informático que debería ser útil para ese usuario. Esto incluye no solo los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, sino también las bases de datos en general e incluso, los sistemas de registro y seguimiento temporal.

Abstract: Krafla Geothermal Field is located inside the Krafla Caldera in the Northeast of Iceland. The tectonic settings consist of a central volcano and its corresponding fissure swarm formed due to extension from plate spreading. The central volcano has a collapsed caldera dating ~110.000 years (Sæmundsson, 2008). Within the Krafla post Caldera collapse period, the orientation of the different extensional eruptive fissures evidence rotation of the plate. The initial events evidence above 20 degrees from North strike, whereas more recent events shifted orientation to be closer to 15 degrees North (Árnason, 2020). This paper discusses the chronological evolution of the Fissure Swarm inside Krafla Caldera and the effect on the stratigraphic reconstruction made in 2019 to compare conceptual models of the south zone subareas: Hvíthólar, Vestursvæði, and Sandabotnaskarð. This paper derived from the MSc Thesis project 3D Conceptual Model Hvíthólar Sub-area, Krafla carried out in 2019. This paper complements other publications such as (Castillo et al,2020).

Abstract: The spread of the COVID-19 disease caused by the respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in unpredicted measures restricting daily flights. Although passenger demand for travel has considerably reduced, the pre-existing impacts of gases generated by aeroplane engines on the environment are still substantial. This paper uses a modelling-based scenario analysis to assess the restriction policies relating to air transport in Argentina, Brazil and Colombia during and after the pandemic and their effects on the environment. The simulation results highlight the need to reduce the negative environmental impact produced by the aviation sector and suggest that policymakers should try to focus on creating ways to reduce the impact made by the aviation industry on the environment, through a coordinated environmental policy between countries, including the three that are the subject of the present case study in order to highlight these issues. Resumen: La propagación de la enfermedad COVID-19 causada por el síndrome respiratorio porcoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ha dado lugar a medidas imprevistas que restringen los vuelos diarios. Aunque la demanda de viajes de los pasajeros se ha reducido considerablemente, los impactos preexistentes de los gases generados por los motores de los aviones en el medio ambiente siguen siendo sustanciales. Este documento utiliza un análisis de escenarios basado en modelos para evaluar las políticas de restricción relacionadas con el transporte aéreo en Argentina, Brasil y Colombia durante y después de la pandemia y sus efectos sobre el medio ambiente. Los resultados de la simulación destacan la necesidad de reducir el impacto ambiental negativo producido por el sector de la aviación y sugieren que los responsables de la formulación de políticas deberían tratar de centrarse en crear formas de reducir el impacto de la industria de la aviación en el medio ambiente, a través de una política ambiental coordinada entre países, incluyendo los tres que son el tema del presente estudio de caso con el fin de resaltar estos temas.

Abstract: Language assessment literacy (LAL) is a critical field for researchers, scholars, or anyone interested in improving the language teaching environment. Understanding the basics of testing and the ability to perform testing related activities becomes more significant in testoriented countries. In this regard, earlier studies have investigated various factors related to English language teaching. However, the assessment literacy of teachers has been relatively investigated within the context of Colombian language teaching. There is no broader research to understand how LAL operates in English teachers in the country. This study aims to examine how Colombian English language teachers currently use language assessment within the classroom, specifically, on two major aspects: the purposes of English language assessment, and second, English language assessment practices (traditional assessment, alternatives in assessment), as well as the role of teachers’ beliefs in assessment. The data collected correspond to a quantitative instrument, an online questionnaire. The total number of respondents was 32. The results suggest that teachers in Colombia in most of the cases develop assessment instruments by using their own knowledge and experience, in order to obtain information on the progress of the students, to provide them with feedback during the learning process, and to determine their final grades. Some implications with respect to language assessment practices and further suggestions to professional development. Based on the findings, the article concludes with suggestions that can be implemented to develop language assessment awareness of English teachers in Colombia.

Abstract: This paper analyzes how changes in political conditions affect distributive politics. We study the case of Colombia, focusing on the strategic allocation of land in relation to the electoral cycle. Relying on over 55.000 municipality-year observations on land allocations, exogenous timing of elections and sociodemographic controls, we show that there is a political land cycle (PLC), and that this cycle is dependent on the local political conditions in place. We analyze the changes in the PLC derived from the implementation of a deep political reform that increased political competition and the fiscal and administrative capacity of the state, doing so heterogeneously across municipalities. We show that the PLC decreased by half after the reform, with this reduction being stronger in municipalities in which political competition and fiscal and administrative capacity increased the most. The heterogeneous reduction in the PLC does not appear to stem from an aggregate weakening of distributive politics, but rather, from a recomposition of the distributive politics portfolio: away from the allocation of private targeted benefits like land, and towards the strategic allocation of public goods. We discuss the incentive and capacity effects explaining this re-composition likely affecting the relative costs and benefits of different types of distributive politics resources. The results evidence the importance of understanding not only the territorial dimension of distributive politics, but also how the specific traits of resources determine distributive politics strategies and their resilience to contextual changes. Resumen: Este artículo analiza cómo los cambios en las condiciones políticas afectan la política distributiva o clientelismo. Estudiamos el caso de Colombia, analizando la asignación estratégica de tierras en relación al ciclo electoral. Basándonos en más de 55.000 observaciones por año y municipio de asignaciones de tierras baldías, y aprovechando las fechas exógenamente determinadas para la realización de elecciones políticas durante los últimos 50 años, mostramos que existe un ciclo político de la tierra (PLC), y que este ciclo depende de las condiciones políticas locales. Luego analizamos los cambios en el PLC derivados de la implementación de una profunda reforma política (la Constitución de 1991) que incrementó la competencia política y la capacidad fiscal y administrativa del Estado, haciéndolo de manera heterogénea entre municipios. Mostramos que el PLC disminuyó a la mitad después de la reforma, con una mayor reducción en los municipios en los que la competencia política y la capacidad fiscal y administrativa aumentaron más. La reducción heterogénea en el PLC no parece provenir de un debilitamiento agregado de las prácticas clientelistas, sino más bien, de una recomposición del portafolio de clientelismo: este pasa de basarse en la asignación de beneficios privados como la tierra, a basarse en la asignación estratégica de bienes públicos. Discutimos los efectos de incentivos y de capacidad que explican esta recomposición del portafolio de clientelismo. Los resultados evidencian la importancia de comprender no solo la dimensión territorial del clientelismo, sino también cómo las características de los recursos a ser usados para clientelismo determinan las dinámicas clientelistas y su resiliencia a cambios contextuales.

Abstract: In this study, an approach for dressing metallic bonded honing stones with hard cutting grains on the basis of electrolysis is investigated. By a combination of concepts from electrochemical machining (ECM) and electropolishing, a test rig was designed and put into operation. In general, it can be stated that the approach investigated in this paper has proved to be a suitable dressing method for honing stones. However, the dressing result is highly dependent on bond components, cutting grain size, and concentration which lead to local differences in the material removal and irregular topographies. This could be overcome, for example, by setting the dressing parameters more precisely based on the best results presented in this paper. Resumen: En este estudio se investiga un enfoque para el rectificado de piedras de bruñir metálicas con granos de corte duros sobre la base de la electrólisis. Mediante una combinación de conceptos del mecanizado electroquímico (ECM) y del electropulido, se diseñó y puso en funcionamiento un equipo de pruebas. En general, se puede afirmar que el enfoque investigado en este trabajo ha demostrado ser un método de rectificado adecuado para las piedras de bruñir. Sin embargo, el resultado del reavivado depende en gran medida de los componentes de la unión, el tamaño del grano de corte y la concentración, lo que provoca diferencias locales en la eliminación de material y topografías irregulares. Esto podría superarse, por ejemplo, ajustando los parámetros de reavivado con mayor precisión sobre la base de los mejores resultados presentados en este trabajo.

Abstract: As online classes became the norm in many countries as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the concern for child and adolescent mental health became an issue of concern. This study evaluates the differences in the psychosocial status of school children based on engagement in in-person or Emergency Remote Education (ERE) and assessed the prevalence and predictors of symptom-derived risk levels for anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD). Cross-sectional data were collected from students at a Florida K-12 school and their household members through an online survey conducted in October 2020 (n = 145). No significant difference was found between ERE and in-person learning for risk of anxiety, depression, or OCD. Prevalence of students presenting as at risk for anxiety, depression, and OCD was 42.1%, 44.8%, and 41.4%. Several student factors (e.g., child sex, school level) and parental factors (e.g., parental COVID-19 attitudes) were associated with students presenting as at risk for anxiety, depression, or OCD; child’s participation in sports was protective against all three outcomes. Participation in sports was found to be protective against risk of anxiety (aOR = 0.36, CI = 0.14–0.93), depression (aOR = 0.38, CI = 0.15–0.93), and OCD (aOR = 0.31, CI = 0.11–0.85). Resumen: A medida que las clases en línea se convirtieron en la norma en muchos países como respuesta a la pandemia de COVID-19, la preocupación por la salud mental de niños y adolescentes se convirtió en un tema de preocupación. Este estudio evalúa las diferencias en el estado psicosocial de los niños en edad escolar con base en la participación en la Educación Remota de Emergencia o en persona (ERE) y evaluó la prevalencia y los predictores de los niveles de riesgo derivados de los síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y trastornos obsesivo-compulsivos (TOC). Se recopilaron datos transversales de estudiantes en una escuela K-12 de Florida y los miembros de su hogar a través de una encuesta en línea realizada en octubre de 2020 (n = 145). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el ERE y el aprendizaje en persona para el riesgo de ansiedad, depresión u TOC. La prevalencia de estudiantes con riesgo de ansiedad, depresión y TOC fue 42,1%, 44,8% y 41,4%. Varios factores de los estudiantes (p. ej., sexo del niño, nivel escolar) y factores de los padres (p. ej., Las actitudes de los padres ante el COVID-19) se asociaron con estudiantes que presentaban riesgo de ansiedad, depresión u TOC; La participación de los niños en los deportes protegía a los tres resultados. Se encontró que la participación en deportes protege contra el riesgo de ansiedad (ORa = 0,36, IC = 0,14-0,93), depresión (ORa = 0,38, IC = 0,15-0,93) y TOC (ORa = 0,31, IC = 0,11-0,85).

Abstract: The present study aims to create a patient-specific hand model to simulate the passive rehabilitation on the index finger, quantifying the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon excursion and the stress experienced during simulated flexion. The computational model used in this analysis was created from an unknown patient dataset available in the Embodi3d online library. The segmentation, three-dimensional reconstruction, and modeling of the structures involved were performed using Materialise Mimics and Rhino3D. The FDP tendon excursion and stress values present in the model were calculated in the ANSYS environment. Based on the finite-element simulation, the FDP tendon presents an excursion of 10.1 mm during passive postoperative flexion. The highest-stress values were observed between the pulleys-FDP tendon contact surfaces. In particular, the pulley A1 exhibited the máximum principal stress of the model with a 58.7 MPa. The pulley A3 showed the same stress distribution pattern that A1 Pulley, but with the lowest values. The FDP Tendon excursión obtained is consistent with the results reported in the literature, which vary from 8 to 11 mm. The stress values found in the model explain the importance of the pulley mechanism keeping the FDP tendon attached to the finger bone during the range of motion experienced. The silico model proposed may potentially be used in the assessment of new medical device proposals in the field of hand reconstructive surgery.

Abstract: Objective: This study reports on a new method for the development of multi-color and multi-material realistic Knee Joint anatomical models with unique features. In particular, the design of a fibers matrix structure that mimics the soft tissue anatomy. Methods: Various Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems and the PolyJet 3D printing were used in the fabrication of three anatomical models wherein fibers matrix structure is mimicked: (i) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) model used in the previous study. (ii) ACL-R model, incorporating orientations, directions, locations, and dimensions of the tunnels, as well as a custom-made surgical guide (SG) for avoiding graft tunnel length mismatch. (iii) Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) model, including custom-made implants. Before models 3D printing, uni-axial tensile tests were conducted to obtain the mechanical behaviors for individual No. 1 (A60-A50), No. 2 (A50-A50), No. 3 (A50-A40), and No. 4 (A70-A60) soft tissue-mimicking polymers. Each material combination represents different shore-hardness values between fiber and matrix respectively. Results: We correlated the pattern of stress-strain curves in the elastic region, stiffness, and elastic modulus of proposed combinations with published literature. Accordingly, material combinations No. 1 and No. 4 with elastic modules of 0.76-1.82 MPa were chosen for the soft tissues 3D printing. Finally, 3D printing Knee Joint models were tested manually simulating 50 flexo-extension cycles without presenting ruptures. Conclusion: The proposed anatomical models offer a diverse range of applications. These may be considered as an alternative to replacing cadaver specimens for medical training, pre-operative planning, research and education purposes, and predictive models validation. The soft tissue anatomy-mimicking materials are strong enough to withstand the stretching during the flexo-extension. The methodology reported for the design of the fiber-matrix structure might be considered as a start to develop new patterns and typologies that may mimic soft tissues.

Abstract : Grappling with the marginalization of the marginal in Western thinking, this paper sets up a dialogue between Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy and Johann Baptist Metz’s political theology in order to learn from their thoughts on the suffering of victims. For both Levinas and Metz, the idea of theodicy as an explanation of suffering is linked to the ontological conception of time and history, and therefore useless and unjustifiable by nature. The essential question of this research is how to give meaning to the concrete suffering of humanity in order to redeem history from the concept of an evolutionary progress which limits the possibility of hearing the cries of the victims of history. This article will show how Levinas’s and Metz´s rejection of traditional theodicy is closely related to the concepts of memory and history and, therefore, the paper will demonstrate how traditional theodicy becomes for both thinkers an ethical theodicy. Consequently, the ethical account of theodicy replaces the attempt to negotiate the goodness and power of God with the pain of human beings. From this perspective, ethics is shaped by a response to the cry of victims which summons the subject to understand freedom as limited and subordinated to ethical responsibility. In responding to suffering, philosophy and theology can meet beyond idealism and dogmatism. Resumen : Enfrentando la marginación de lo marginal en el pensamiento occidental, este artículo establece un diálogo entre la filosofía de Emmanuel Levinas y la teología política de Johann Baptist Metz para aprender de sus pensamientos sobre el sufrimiento de las víctimas. Tanto para Levinas como para Metz, la idea de la teodicea como explicación del sufrimiento está ligada a la concepción ontológica del tiempo y la historia y, por tanto, es inútil e injustificable por naturaleza. La cuestión fundamental de esta investigación es cómo dar sentido al sufrimiento concreto de la humanidad para rescatar la historia del concepto de un progreso evolutivo que limita la posibilidad de escuchar los gritos de las víctimas de la historia. Este artículo mostrará cómo el rechazo de Levinas y Metz a la teodicea tradicional está íntimamente relacionado con los conceptos de memoria e historia y, por lo tanto, demostrará cómo la teodicea tradicional se convierte para ambos pensadores en una teodicea ética. En consecuencia, la explicación ética de la teodicea reemplaza el intento de negociar la bondad y el poder de Dios con el dolor de los seres humanos. Desde esta perspectiva, la ética se configura a partir de una respuesta al grito de las víctimas que convoca al sujeto a entender la libertad como limitada y subordinada a la responsabilidad ética. Al responder a El sufrimiento, la filosofía y la teología pueden encontrarse más allá del idealismo y el dogmatismo.