Abstract: The school buildings in Colombia are built based on geographical locations and regional construction systems. However, external weather conditions and building design can have a significant impact on the thermal comfort of students, which affects the academic performance and productivity. This paper investigates the thermal comfort performance for an educational building in a hot and humid city in Cucuta, Colombia, built under national guidelines. This school is a concrete structure without mechanical cooling. However, field observation discovered that 82% of the time students experienced thermal discomfort. To investigate causes and provide mitigation strategies, a whole building energy simulation is conducted. Design Builder is used to evaluate the indoor thermal conditions compared to outdoor data collected. ASHRAE 55 adaptative model is used for the evaluation. It is found that 79% of the time the thermal conditions are outside the acceptable range during the year. The effect of mitigation measures i.e., occupancy, roof insulation, and natural ventilation rates are investigated through simulations. It is found that occupancy and natural ventilation rate have a significant impact on the indoor temperature and relative humidity, and thus the thermal comfort. Passive design strategies are proposed in optimizing the school building design to meet ASHARE-55 requirements.

Abstract: The growing demand for sustainable load-bearing materials drives the need for understanding the various design considerations these pose within the modern built environment. Engineered bamboo is a material with outstanding physical and mechanical properties, in addition to producing a minimum carbon footprint. However, extensive research is needed before engineered bamboo can be used with the confidence conferred to other more conventional building construction materials. When aiming for higher and larger bamboo-based structures, loadbearing behaviour during and after fire becomes a key consideration. This paper describes the outcomes of a comprehensive study conducted to understand the mechanical behaviour of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens species) at elevated temperatures; more specifically investigating the reduction of compressive and tensile strength, as well as the Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) up to 250 °C. Findings from this work show that at 200 °C, bamboo retains 20%, 42% and 70% of the compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity at ambient, respectively. The results presented herein, which provide thorough understanding of strength and elasticity reduction at elevated temperatures, enable the development of stress-strain constitutive models that will constitute the basis for designing fire-safe bamboo structures.

Resumen: El derecho fundamental de las niñas y niños a la educación es más complejo de garantizar para las comunidades indígenas debido a que requiere lograr que las y los estudiantes accedan a una educación de calidad similar a la que reciben sus pares que les permita obtener las habilidades relevantes para competir en el mercado laboral e involucrarse en los desafíos de desarrollo económico y social que deben enfrentar sus propias comunidades; y, adicionalmente, que la educación impartida contribuya a preservar la existencia y forma de vida de la comunidad, que resalte el conocimiento tradicional y las prácticas culturales. Este documento, reseña la aproximación de Colombia a la provisión de educación para las comunidades indígenas -etnoeducación- a partir de una revisión normativa y el uso de datos administrativos del sector educación. Se encuentra que los docentes vinculados en concertación con las autoridades indígenas -etnoeducadores tienen menores salarios, formación académica y experiencia que el resto de docentes-. Adicionalmente, los estudiantes vinculados a establecimientos donde al menos 10% de los docentes son etnoeducadores, tienen peores resultados en el puntaje global, de lectura crítica y de matemáticas en las pruebas Saber 11. No obstante, una mayor proporción de educadores en las ETC y municipios parece tener un efecto positivo en la cobertura y disminuir la deserción.

Abstract: Urban green spaces vary in their local and regional attributes, and this variation can have contrasting effects on the ability of urban green spaces to support biodiversity. Here we assess the response of four insect taxa to urban development in Sydney, Australia, using a multiscale approach. We sampled four insect orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera) at 19 sites and employed a) multivariate analyses to test the responses of insect communities to environmental management regimes, and b) generalised linear models to determine taxa responses to urban green spaces at local and regional scales. We hypothesised that environmental management regimes (forest, urban forest remnant, and recreational park) affected the species composition of insect com- munities but found no evidence to support this hypothesis. Only species composition of hemipteran communities responded at this scale, with assemblages in urban forest remnants distinct to those in forests and recreational parks. Conversely, site attributes at local and regional scales had distinct effects on each insect group. While species richness of all taxa was positively related to local flower species richness, they exhibited variable re- sponses to regional attributes such as greenspace proportion and site area. The taxon-specific response to local and regional attributes of urban green spaces suggest that there is no silver-bullet for managing local or regional traits to promote diversity of major insect groups in urban areas. These results highlight the opportunities for managers and planners to develop unique and targeted taxon-specific interventions aiming to enhance urban insect diversity. Resumen: Los espacios verdes urbanos varían en sus atributos locales y regionales, y esta variación puede generar efectos contrastantes en su habilidad de soportar la biodiversidad. En este artículo evaluamos la respuesta de cuatro grupos de insectos al desarrollo urbano en Sídney, Australia, usando una aproximación multi-escala. Muestreamos cuatro ordenes de insectos (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera y Hymenoptera) en 19 sitios, y utilizamos a) análisis multivariados para evaluar las respuestas de las comunidades de insectos a los régimenes de manejo ambiental, y b) modelos lineales generalisados para determinar las respuestas de estos grupos de insectos en las escalas locales y regionales de los espacios verdes urbanos. Hipotetizamos que diferentes regímenes de manejo ambiental (bosque, remanentes de bosque urbano, y parques recreativos) tendrían efecto en la composición de especies de las comunidades de insectos, pero no encontramos evidencia que soporte esta hipótesis. Únicamente la composición de especies de las comunidades de hemípteros respondió a esta escala, con los ensamblajes de especies en los remanentes urbanos de bosque siendo significativamente diferentes a los ensamblajes de especies en las bosques y parques recreativos. De manera contraria, los atributos locales y regionales de los espacios verdes urbanos tuvieron efectos distintos en cada uno de los grupos de insectos estudiados. Mientras que la riqueza de especies de todos los grupos estuvo positivamente relacionada a la riqueza local de flores, todos los grupos exhibieron respuestas variadas a atributos regionales tales como la proporción de área verde y el área del espacio verde urbano. Estas respuestas específicas de cada grupo de insectos a los atributos regionales de los espacios verdes urbanos sugiere que no hay soluciones universales (en los regímenes de manejo ambiental) para promover la diversidad de insectos. Estos resultados demuestran las oportunidades que administradores y planeadores urbanos tienen para desarrollar intervenciones únicas y dirigidas a grupos particulares de insectos, para proteger la diversidad de los insectos en centros urbanos.

Abstract: Despite some epidemiological evidence on the protective effects of polyphenol intake on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk from case-control studies, the evidence is scarce from prospective studies and non-existent for several polyphenol classes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the associations between the intake of total, classes and subclasses of polyphenols and EOC risk in a large prospective study. The study was conducted in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort, which included 309,129 adult women recruited mostly from the general population. Polyphenol intake was assessed through validated country-specific dietary questionnaires and the Phenol-Explorer database. During a mean follow-up of 14 years, 1469 first incident EOC cases (including 806 serous, 129 endometrioid, 102 mucinous, and 67 clear cell tumours) were identified. In multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models, the hazard ratio in the highest quartile of total polyphenol intake compared with the lowest quartile (HRQ4vsQ1) was 1.14 (95% CI 0.94–1.39; p-trend = 0.11). Similarly, the intake of most classes and subclasses of polyphenols were not related to either overall EOC risk or any EOC subtype. A borderline statistically significant positive association was observed between phenolic acid intake (HRQ4vsQ1 = 1.20, 95% CI 1.01–1.43; p-trend = 0.02) and EOC risk, especially for the serous subtype and in women with obesity, although these associations did not exceed the Bonferroni correction threshold. The current results do not support any association between polyphenol intake and EOC in our large European prospective study. Results regarding phenolic acid intake need further investigation.

Abstract: This essay aims to review some of the postulates of the scientist, theologian and Jesuit priest Teilhard de Chardin, in the light of integral ecology, environmentalism and the contemporary critique of modernity. The general objective is to highlight the preponderance of the Teilhardian project of the human and to inquire about its resolving potential in the face of environmental conflicts. A controversy about the natural or human origin of disasters is analyzed as a starting point. After recognizing that disasters cannot be treated as natural phenomena, it is observed that they could not be considered human either, without revealing an inconclusive notion of the meaning of the human. Disaster resolution and our unrealized humanity are presented as parallel itineraries. The arguments throughout the text aim, on the one hand, to blur the limits drawn by modernity and secularism to claim exclusive access to the rational and managerial knowledge of human communities; on the other hand, the convenience of broadening the epistemological horizon and the benefits of enriching the intellectual and practical possibilities to contribute to the qualification of the human are postulated. In this case, Teilhard de Chardin’s perspective is presented as a reference. Resumen: Este ensayo pretende revisar algunos de los postulados del científico, teólogo y sacerdote jesuita Teilhard de Chardin, a la luz de la ecología integral, el ambientalismo y la crítica contemporánea a la modernidad. El objetivo general es resaltar la preponderancia del proyecto teilhardiano de lo humano e indagar sobre su potencial resolutivo frente a los conflictos ambientales. Se analiza como punto de partida una controversia sobre el origen natural o humano de los desastres. Después de reconocer que los desastres no pueden tratarse como fenómenos naturales se observa que no podrían, tampoco, considerarse humanos, sin desvelar una noción inconclusa de lo que significa el sentido de lo humano. La resolución de desastres y nuestra humanidad no realizada se presentan como itinerarios paralelos. Los argumentos a lo largo del texto pretenden, por un lado, desdibujar los límites trazados por la modernidad y el secularismo para atribuirse el acceso exclusivo al conocimiento racional y gerencial de las comunidades humanas; por otro, se postula la conveniencia de ampliar el horizonte epistemológico y los beneficios de enriquecer las posibilidades intelectuales y prácticas para contribuir en la cualificación de lo humano. En esta causa se presenta como referencia la perspectiva de Teilhard de Chardin.

Abstract: In Bogota as in many Latin American cities, an important amount of human settlements were originally occupied by non-formal and non-planned ways, because of the high demographic growth, the internal conflict and the low capacity of the government to provide housing, among others. Non-formal settlements in Bogotá represent nowadays a permanent housing and living solution for milliards of citizens and the government has been forced to recognize them as legal, so these have become valuable in terms of urban land tenure. However in Colombia, with a geographically complex environment, the precarious origins of these settlements and the historical absence of governance have resulted in setting up several risks. Faced with this type of conflicts, public administration promotes the execution of engineering solutions or the imposition of restrictive measures on land use, which includes the resettlement of the people. Different social organizations from these zones impacted by resettlement, have been joining forces into what is being shaped as a Platform of People Affected by Risk and Resettlement, called ARRAIGO (term in Spanish for Rooting). The purposes of the Platform are to promote discussions that impact public policies related with resettlement, to join efforts required to restore the rights of population, to share knowledge of all the actors involved and to find innovative solutions to be implemented in this zones. The present paper examines the social conflict underlying the emergence of ARRAIGO as social phenomena, the significance of the initiative and the theoretical fundamentals that may explain the mismatching with the public policies for risk resettlement of population. It fosters to open new approaches to understand and manage risk, putting the people in the centre, understanding ARRAIGO as a social movement that must be considered to enrich discussions on risk management, governance, resilience, adaptation and their implications in a context of urban policy.

Resumen: Los desarrollos de origen informal en Bogotá, han significado una solución de vivienda legítimamente reconocida, mediante la cual millares de colombianos de escasos recursos han accedido al dominio o propiedad del suelo de una importante proporción del área urbana de la ciudad. Sin embargo, en un contexto geográficamente complejo como el de Colombia, la precariedad en el origen de estos asentamientos, la ausencia prolongada del Estado y los pasivos históricos, han configurado desequilibrios en los territorios los cuales se manifiestan en conflictos socio-ambientales, como es el caso de las problemáticas caracterizadas como riesgo de origen antrópico o natural. La administración pública ante este tipo de fenómenos acude a la imposición de una serie de «categorías» como «alto riesgo», «zona de protección» o «reserva», cuyo carácter político es analizado y problematizado como una operación geográfica del poder, que se ejecuta en correspondencia con los denominados «dispositivos biopolíticos» de «destrucción creativa», proyectando sobre el espacio social una coherencia que en su aplicación oculta, desplaza y reprime una serie de contradicciones que pretenden ser cartografiadas. Ante la destrucción creativa se detecta la activación de una serie de manifestaciones de vitalidad social, cuyo común denominador podría denominarse como «arraigo», entendido como una fuerza que vincula a la población con su construcción territorial, dinamizando la configuración de sujetos políticos y mecanismos de apropiación, des-alienación, con la consigna de habitar el riesgo, procesada a través de los conceptos de «ciudad posible», «máxima diferencia», «autogestión» y «derecho a la ciudad» de Henri Lefevbre. Se analizan las consecuencias y posibilidades del despliegue de un discurso desde el arraigo, como una base teórica de las reivindicaciones y una plataforma programática, frente a las lógicas institucionales en Bogotá. Abstract: The informal developments in Bogotá have meant a legitimately recognized housing solution, through which thousands of low-income Colombians have accessed land ownership or ownership of a significant proportion of the urban area of ​​the city. However, in a geographically complex context such as that of Colombia, the precariousness in the origin of these settlements, the prolonged absence of the State and historical liabilities, have configured imbalances in the territories which are manifested in socio-environmental conflicts, such as the case of problems characterized as risk of anthropic or natural origin. The public administration before this type of phenomena resort to the imposition of a series of «categories» such as «high risk», «protection zone» or «reserve», whose political character is analyzed and problematized as a geographical operation of power, which it is executed in correspondence with the so-called "biopolitical devices" of "creative destruction", projecting on the social space a coherence that, in its hidden application, displaces and represses a series of contradictions that are intended to be mapped. Faced with creative destruction, the activation of a series of manifestations of social vitality is detected, the common denominator of which could be called "roots", understood as a force that links the population with its territorial construction, dynamizing the configuration of political subjects and mechanisms of appropriation, de-alienation, with the slogan of inhabiting risk, processed through the concepts of "possible city", "maximum difference", "self-management" and "right to the city" by Henri Lefevbre. The consequences and possibilities of the deployment of a discourse from the roots are analyzed, as a theoretical base of the demands and a programmatic platform, in front of the institutional logics in Bogotá.

Resumen: Altos de la Estancia en Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá (Colombia), sufrió uno de los deslizamientos urbanos más grandes en América Latina. En total hubo aproximadamente 2.000.000 m3 de material desplazado, 3.305 familias reasentadas equivalente a 15.000 personas, 16 barrios afectados y un polígono de 73 hectáreas declarado en suelo de protección. Se trata de un ejemplo de la desadaptación institucional, territorial y social de un área que empezó a ser considerada por la comunidad como peligrosa, por la reducida atención del Estado y por su condición de zona de Alto Riesgo. En este sentido, se propone un Programa Integral de Gestión de Riesgo dentro del Plan de Desarrollo de Bogotá Humana 2012-2015 que promovió generar territorios menos vulnerables frente a riesgos y el cambio climático, con acciones integrales a través de procesos de planificación urbana participativa y generación de capacidades hacia la resiliencia. Abstract: Altos de la Estancia in Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá (Colombia), suffered one of the largest urban landslides in Latin America. In total there were approximately 2,000,000 m3 of displaced material, 3,305 resettled families equivalent to 15,000 people, 16 affected neighborhoods and a 73-hectare polygon declared as protected land. This is an example of the institutional, territorial and social maladjustment of an area that began to be considered by the community as dangerous, due to the reduced attention of the State and due to its status as a High Risk area. In this sense, a Comprehensive Risk Management Program is proposed within the Bogotá Humana Development Plan 2012-2015 that promoted the generation of territories that are less vulnerable to risks and climate change, with comprehensive actions through participatory urban planning processes and capacity building towards resilience.

Abstract: Science and technology are changing. We have seen the emergence of open and citizen-based science practices in the context of facing pandemics, such as COVID-19, xenophobia, or inequality, among others. Open science is a movement that advocates the collective construction of knowledge. This perspective has shown its importance with the emergence of rapid response initiatives to the current situation at national and international levels. This article discusses the relevance of knowledge commons and transparent objects in the era of intellectual property. Solidarity technoscientific initiatives become a vehicle to pose free culture as a pillar of a human future based on mutual support. In that sense, universities, publishers, students, the scientific and engineering community, and even citizens are creating efforts around open science intending to share results, data, designs, specifications, and even resources despite new socio-political limits and precautions. We argue that a technoscientific movement based on solidarity, free and open culture, is key to permeate and transform the various layers of governments, research institutions, and citizens-led initiatives. To address this, several examples are exposed offering a brief critical appraisal in the context of open science, a concept still in the making.