Abstract: Entomopathogenic fungi infect insects via spores but also live inside plant tissues as endophytes. Frequently, colonization by entomopathogens provides plants with increased resistance against insects, but the mechanisms are little understood. This study investigated direct, local, and systemic root-mediated interactions between isolates of the fungus Metarhizium brunneum and larvae of the cabbage root fly (CRF) Delia radicum attacking Brassica napus plants. All fungal isolates infected CRF when conidia were present in the soil, leading to 43–93% mortality. Locally, root-associated M. brunneum isolates reduced herbivore damage by 10–20% and in three out of five isolates caused significant insect mortality due to plant-mediated and/or direct effects. A split-root experiment with isolate Gd12 also demonstrated systemic plant resistance with significantly reduced root collar damage by CRF. LC-MS analyses showed that fungal root colonization did not induce changes in phytohormones, while herbivory increased jasmonic acid (JA) and glucosinolate concentrations. Proteinase inhibitor gene expression was also increased. Fungal colonization, however, primed herbivore-induced JA and the expression of the JA-responsive plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2) gene. We conclude that root-associated M. brunneum benefits plant health through multiple mechanisms, such as the direct infection of insects, as well as the local and systemic priming of the JA pathway. Resumen: Los hongos entomopatógenos infectan a los insectos a través de esporas, pero también viven en el interior de los tejidos vegetales como endófitos. Con frecuencia, la colonización por entomopatógenos proporciona a las plantas una mayor resistencia contra los insectos, pero los mecanismos son poco conocidos. Este estudio investigó las interacciones directas, locales y sistémicas mediadas por la raíz entre los aislamientos del hongo Metarhizium brunneum y las larvas de la mosca de la raíz de la col (CRF) Delia radicum que atacan las plantas de Brassica napus. Todas las cepas del hongo infectaron a la CRF cuando las conidias estaban presentes en el suelo, provocando una mortalidad del 43-93%. Localmente, las cepas de M. brunneum asociados a la raíz redujeron el daño de los herbívoros en un 10-20% y tres de las cinco cepas causaron una mortalidad significativa de los insectos debido a efectos mediados por la planta y/o directos. Un experimento de raíz dividida con la cepa Gd12 también demostró la resistencia sistémica de la planta con una reducción significativa del daño en el cuello de la raíz por parte de CRF. Los análisis de LC-MS mostraron que la colonización de la raíz por el hongo no indujo cambios en las fitohormonas, mientras que la herbivoría aumentó las concentraciones de ácido jasmónico (JA) y glucosinolato. También aumentó la expresión de genes inhibidores de proteinasas. La colonización fúngica, sin embargo, aumentó el ácido jasmónico inducido por los herbívoros y la expresión del gen de la defensina vegetal 1.2 (PDF1.2) que responde al ácido jasmónico. Concluimos que M. brunneum asociado a las raíces beneficia la salud de las plantas a través de múltiples mecanismos, como la infección directa de los insectos, así como el Priming local y sistémica de la vía de JA.

Abstract: Leptospirosis is the most neglected widespread zoonosis worldwide. In Spain, leptospirosis reports in people and animals have increased lately. Cats can become infected with Leptospira, as well as be chronic carriers. The aim of this study was to determine serological antibody prevalence against Leptospira sp., blood DNA, and shedding of DNA from pathogenic Leptospira species in the urine of cats in Spain. Microagglutination tests (MAT) and blood and urine TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed. Leptospira antibodies were detected in 10/244 cats; with 4.1%positive results (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1–7.18%). Titers ranged from 1:20 to 1:320 (serovars Ballum; Bataviae; Bratislava; Cynopteri; Grippotyphosa Mandemakers; Grippotyphosa Moskva; Pomona; and Proechimys). The most common serovar was Cynopteri. Blood samples from 1/89 cats amplified for Leptospira DNA (1.12%; 95% CI: 0.05–5.41%). Urine samples from 4/232 cats amplified for Leptospira DNA (1.72%; 95% CI: 0.55–4.10%). In conclusion, free-roaming cats in Spain can shed pathogenic Leptospira DNA in their urine and may be a source of human infection. Serovars not previously described in cats in Spain were detected; suggesting the presence of at least 4 different species of pathogenic leptospires in the country (L. borgpetersenii ;L. interrogans ;L. kirschneri; and L. noguchii).

Abstract: Global importance: Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis worldwide. Mammals (eg, rats, horses, cows, pigs, dogs, cats and aquatic species, such as sea lions and northern elephant seals) can all be infected by leptospires. Infection in animals occurs through contact with urine or water contaminated with the bacteria. In people, the disease is acquired mainly from animal sources or through recreational activities in contaminated water. Practical relevance: Literature on the clinical presentation of leptospirosis in cats is scarce, although it has been demonstrated that cats are susceptible to infection and are capable of developing antibodies. The prevalence of antileptospiral antibodies in cats varies from 4% to 33.3% depending on the geographical location. Urinary shedding of leptospires in naturally infected cats has been reported, with a prevalence of up to 68%. Infection in cats has been associated with the consumption of infected prey, especially rodents. Thus, outdoor cats have a higher risk of becoming infected. Clinical challenges: Clinical presentation of this disease in cats is rare and it is not known what role cats have in the transmission of leptospirosis. Ongoing work is needed to characterise feline leptospirosis. Audience: This review is aimed at all veterinarians, both general practitioners who deal with cats on a daily basis in private practice, as well as feline practitioners, since both groups face the challenge of diagnosing and treating infectious and zoonotic diseases. Evidence base: The current literature on leptospirosis in cats is reviewed. To date, few case reports have been published in the field, and information has mostly been extrapolated from infections in people and dogs. This review is expected to serve as a guide for the diagnosis and management of the disease in cats.

Abstract: This checklist of oribatid mites of the Republic of Colombia compiles and provides a taxonomic update of all records known up to 2020. It includes 192 entries accounting for 68 named and 47 unnamed species belonging to 73 genera and 58 families of non-astigmatid oribatid mites. Specimens from the brachypyline supercohort were dominant (54.7%), followed by Mixonomata (30.7%). However, current knowledge is far from being complete and distribution patterns show large gaps throughout the country due to this lacking knowledge and most existing investigations only include group specific studies that prevent from any conclusions regarding the real community composition of oribatids in Colombia. From 32 political-administrative departments, oribatids have been reported in 20, but 5 account for 65% of the records. These are: Cundinamarca -including Bogotá D.C.- (24.4%), Magdalena (21.8%), Nariño (6.3%), La Guajira (6.3%), and Quindío (5.9%). Whereas most oribatid reports in the Neotropical region have taken place during the past five decades, a map presented in this document shows that Colombia still lags behind other Latin American countries. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, for instance, have reported the highest number of species for the region and are the only nations that possess national oribatid checklists in Latin America. The current work represents a national baseline of oribatids encouraging further study of this clearly underrepresented group.

Abstract: Accurately assessing groundwater storage changes in Niger is critical for long-term water resource management but is difficult due to sparse field data. We present a study of groundwater storage changes and recharge in Southern Niger, computed using data from NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. We compute a groundwater storage anomaly estimate by subtracting the surface water anomaly provided by the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) model from the GRACE total water storage anomaly. We use a statistical model to fill gaps in the GRACE data. We analyze the time period from 2002 to 2021, which corresponds to the life span of the GRACE mission, and show that there is little change in groundwater storage from 2002–2010, but a steep rise in storage from 2010–2021, which can partially be explained by a period of increased precipitation. We use the Water Table Fluctuation method to estimate recharge rates over this period and compare these values with previous estimates. We show that for the time range analyzed, groundwater resources in Niger are not being overutilized and could be further developed for beneficial use. Our estimated recharge rates compare favorably to previous estimates and provide managers with the data required to understand how much additional water could be extracted in a sustainable manner.

Resumen: A partir de un estudio empírico se pretende comprobar que, en contraposición a lo que usualmente se considera, la filosofía tiene un enorme potencial de impacto económico. En ese orden de ideas, el capítulo muestra un estudio llevado a cabo con 104,212 estudiantes de programas de licenciatura que presentaron el examen Saber Pro entre 2016-2019 (de los cuales, 2034 pertenecían a una Licenciatura en Filosofía), a fin de establecer si el componente filosófico incide en el desempeño de las pruebas Saber Pro. El estudio utiliza una metodología cuantitativa de carácter cuasiexperimental en la cual se ejecutan análisis de regresión multinivel anidados en taxonomías de modelos. Los resultados muestran que la filosofía incide positivamente en lectura crítica, escritura y competencias ciudadanas, aunque negativamente en razonamiento cuantitativo. El trabajo concluye mostrando la necesidad de abrir más programas de Licenciatura en Filosofía —especialmente en las regiones que carecen de estos— para así mejorar la calidad educativa a nivel nacional.

Abstract: Open Data is defined as digital data that is made available with the technical and legal characteristics necessary to be freely used, reused, and redistributed by anyone, anytime and anywhere. Examples of Open Data can be data on mobility or pollution, which an increasing number of cities are making available to citizens. In education, the novel field of Open Data has the potential of empowering a young generation with digital skills and critical thinking through work with real-life Open Data. However, the scarcity of methods and tools for skills development and insertion into educational designs reduces the possibility of achieving this potential. This study is part of the project ODECO, aimed at addressing challenges in the creation of Open Data ecosystems in several contexts, such as education. A systematic mapping review was conducted to uncover the research connections between Open Data education and educational games. Twenty-eight studies were identified and analysed through iterative searching and including keywords related to Gamification, Open Data and Education. In doing this, relevant themes and novel approaches in the current literature were found. This paper discusses how the fields of Open Data education and educational games methodologically and theoretically contribute to outline a game-based approach for Open Data in education. An Open Data Gamified Education Framework leads to authentic learning experiences for real-world problem solving in relation to eight actions: connecting classroom activities to real facts, empowering students to act with Open Data, supporting technical Open Data skills in the classroom, building literacy and developing skills, enhancing civic participation, creating more realistic and appealing narratives, extending teaching outside the classroom by collecting data in real time and local settings, and increasing engagement and motivation. Resumen: Los Datos Abiertos se definen como datos puestos a disposición con las características técnicas y legales necesarias para ser utilizados, reutilizados y redistribuidos libremente por cualquier persona, en cualquier momento y lugar. En educación, el campo de Datos Abiertos tiene el potencial de empoderar a una generación con habilidades digitales y pensamiento crítico a través del trabajo con Datos Abiertos de la vida real. Sin embargo, la escasez de métodos y herramientas para el desarrollo de competencias y su inserción en los diseños educativos reduce la posibilidad de alcanzar este potencial. Este estudio es parte del proyecto ODECO, cuyo objetivo es abordar los desafíos en la creación de ecosistemas de Datos Abiertos en varios contextos, como la educación. Se realizó una revisión sistemática para descubrir las conexiones de investigación entre la educación de datos abiertos y los juegos educativos. Veintiocho estudios fueron identificados y analizados mediante búsqueda iterativa e incluyendo palabras clave relacionadas con Gamificación, Datos Abiertos y Educación. Por lo cual se encontraron temas relevantes y enfoques novedosos en la literatura actual. Este artículo analiza cómo los campos de Datos Abiertos en educación y los juegos educativos contribuyen metodológica y teóricamente a delinear un enfoque basado en juegos para los Datos Abiertos en educación. Un Marco de Educación Gamificada de Datos Abiertos conduce a experiencias de aprendizaje auténticas para la resolución de problemas del mundo real en relación con ocho acciones: conectando las actividades del aula con hechos reales, capacitando a los estudiantes para actuar con Datos Abiertos, apoyando las habilidades técnicas de Datos Abiertos en el aula, construyendo alfabetización y desarrollando habilidades, mejorando la participación cívica, creando narrativas más realistas y atractivas, extendiendo la enseñanza fuera del aula mediante la recopilación de datos en tiempo real y en entornos locales, y aumentando el compromiso y la motivación.

Abstract: The food-energy-water (FEW) nexus approach has emerged as an alternative for managing these resources more efficiently. Work from studies conducted in the FEW nexus in Latin America is scarce in the scholarly literature. This study aims to develop a framework for water management at the FEW Nexus, with a focus on Colombia. The study focuses on a typical mixed land-use watershed in the Andean region with specific objectives being to: (1) characterize the watershed with respect to land use, climate, water resources, and other factors pertinent to the nexus; (2) explore the relationship between factors in the FEW nexus that may affect water management in terms of quality and availability; and (3) propose a methodology for conducting a FEW Nexus analysis for watersheds located in the Andean region. The results indicate that the Pereira/Dosquebradas urban area has a significant impact on the FEW nexus components in the Otun River Watershed (ORW). Subsequently, an urban FEW nexus framework is proposed for its implementation at the watershed.

Abstract: Water quality sampling is a key element in tracking water quality monitoring objectives. However, frequencies adapted by different agencies might not be sufficient to provide an accurate indication of water quality status. In this study, data from low- and high-resolution water quality datasets were analyzed to determine the extent to which monitoring objectives could be achieved with different sampling frequencies, with a view to providing recommendations and best practices for water quality monitoring frequency in places with limited resources with which to implement a high-frequency monitoring plan. Water quality data from two watersheds (Maumee River and Raisin River) located in the Western Lake Erie Basin (WLEB) were used since these watersheds have consistent records over substantial periods of time, and the water quality data available have a high resolution (at least daily). The water quality constituents analyzed included suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and nitrate + nitrite (NO2+3). Sources of pollutants for watersheds located in the WLEB include contributions from point sources like discharges from sewage treatment plants and non-point sources such as agricultural and urban storm runoff. Weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, and seasonal datasets were created from the original datasets, following different sampling rules based on the day of the week, week of the month, and month of the year. The resulting datasets were then compared to the original dataset to determine how the sampling frequency would affect the results obtained in a water quality assessment when different monitoring objectives are considered. Results indicated that constituents easily transported by water (such as sediments and nutrients) require more than 50 samples/year to provide a small error (< 10%) with a confidence interval of 95%. Monthly and seasonal sampling were found appropriate to report a stream’s prevailing water quality status and statistical properties. However, these resolutions might not be sufficient to capture longterm trends, in which case bi-weekly samples would be preferable. Limitations of lowresolution sampling frequency could be overcome by including rainfall events and random sampling during specific time windows as part of the monitoring plan.

Abstract: Water quality sampling is a key element in tracking water quality monitoring objectives. However, frequencies adapted by different agencies might not be sufficient to provide an accurate indication of water quality status. In this study, data from low- and high-resolution water quality datasets were analyzed to determine the extent to which monitoring objectives could be achieved with different sampling frequencies, with a view to providing recommendations and best practices for water quality monitoring frequency in places with limited resources with which to implement a high-frequency monitoring plan. Water quality data from two watersheds (Maumee River and Raisin River) located in the Western Lake Erie Basin (WLEB) were used since these watersheds have consistent records over substantial periods of time, and the water quality data available have a high resolution (at least daily). The water quality constituents analyzed included suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and nitrate + nitrite (NO2+3). Sources of pollutants for watersheds located in the WLEB include contributions from point sources like discharges from sewage treatment plants and non-point sources such as agricultural and urban storm runoff. Weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, and seasonal datasets were created from the original datasets, following different sampling rules based on the day of the week, week of the month, and month of the year. The resulting datasets were then compared to the original dataset to determine how the sampling frequency would affect the results obtained in a water quality assessment when different monitoring objectives are considered. Results indicated that constituents easily transported by water (such as sediments and nutrients) require more than 50 samples/year to provide a small error (< 10%) with a confidence interval of 95%. Monthly and seasonal sampling were found appropriate to report a stream’s prevailing water quality status and statistical properties. However, these resolutions might not be sufficient to capture longterm trends, in which case bi-weekly samples would be preferable. Limitations of lowresolution sampling frequency could be overcome by including rainfall events and random sampling during specific time windows as part of the monitoring plan.