Semi-regular sequences over F2 are sequences of homogeneous elements of the algebra B(n) = F2[X1, ...,Xn]/(X21, ...,X2n), which have as few relations between them as possible. They were introduced in order to assess the complexity of Gröbner basis algorithms such as F4, F5 for the solution of polynomial equations. Despite the experimental evidence that semi-regular sequences are common, it was unknown whether there existed semi-regular sequences for all n, except in extremely trivial situations. We prove some results on the existence and non-existence of semi-regular sequences. In particular, we show that if an element of degree d in B(n) is semi-regular, then we must have n ≤3d. Also, we show that if d = 2t and n = 3d there exits a semi-regular element of degree d establishing that the bound is sharp for infinitely many n. Finally, we generalize the result of non-existence of semi-regular elements to the case of sequences of a fixed length m.

Semi-regular sequences over F2 are sequences of homogeneous elements of the algebra B(n) = F2[X1,…, Xn]/(X2 1,…, X2n), which have as few relations between them as possible. It is believed that most such systems are F2-semi-regular and this property has important consequences for understanding the complexity of Gröbner basis algorithms such as F4 and F5 for solving such systems. In fact even in one of the simplest and most important cases, that of quadratic sequences of length n in n variables, the question of the existence of semi-regular sequences for all n remains open. In this paper we present a new framework for the concept of F2-semi-regularity which we hope will allow the use of ideas and machinery from homological algebra to be applied to this interesting and important open question. First we introduce an analog of the Koszul complex and show that F2-semi-regularity can be characterized by the exactness of this complex. We show how the well known formula for the Hilbert series of a F2-semi-regular sequence can be deduced from the Koszul complex. Finally we show that the concept of first fall degree also has a natural description in terms of the Koszul complex.

If justice in Colombia has stepped toward transitional justice, a framework mainly focused on providing redress to the victims of war, why have animals been excluded from it? As a response to animal cruelty, in war and outside of it, a punitive response remains. In a transitional justice regime, moving away from strictly anthropocentric solutions could bring reconciliation that transcends the criminal/innocent, city/jungle, and human/nature artificial dichotomies. Si la justicia en Colombia ha dado un paso hacia la justicia transicional, un marco enfocado principalmente en brindar reparación a las víctimas de la guerra, ¿por qué se ha excluido a los animales? La respuesta estatal a la crueldad animal, en la guerra y fuera de ella, sigue siendo punitiva. En un régimen de justicia transicional, alejarse de soluciones estrictamente antropocéntricas podría traer una reconciliación que trascienda las dicotomías artificiales entre criminal/inocente, ciudad/jungla y humano/naturaleza. Distinción Harvard Law School Writing Prize, 2020.

This article analyses the complexities of the double bind between colonial domination and Indigenous resistance in conversation with anarchist sociologist Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui. The functioning of the double bind appears in the article at three levels: first, by exploring the encounter between Western and Indigenous jurisdictions in the context of colonial meetings and across imperial networks; second, by analyzing the way in which Rivera develops an epistemological program based on daily life practices; and, third, by showing one example in which Rivera develops a double bind epistemological framework in order to read the colonial encounter between Western and Indigenous jurisdictions in the Americas in the sixteenth century. The interaction with Rivera allowed me to better understand the complexities of an Andean world that operates through the double bind of being Indigenous and non-Indigenous at the same time; while on the other, it enabled me to test out the academic tradition that depicts history, in particular the history of the international legal order, in a linear and progressive trajectory. With this approximation at hand, I analyze the relationship between past, present, and future within the social life of Andean Indigenous communities.

This article displays the idea of indigenizing international law by recognizing indigenous law as law. It is by directing indigenous jurisprudences to the framework of international law that the possibility of transforming its roots becomes possible—I call this process inverse legal anthropology. In indigenizing international law using an inverse legal anthropology, the article presents a case study on the ongoing genocide of Colombian indigenous peoples in the age of the global ecology of the Anthropocene. In this context, I explain the political consequences of valuing indigenous cosmologies regarding their territories. Indeed, mainstream representations of indigenous territories, taking into consideration the topographic and biologic dimensions of the earth’s surface, have forgotten the pluriverse of organic and inorganic beings that make and negotiate their social living together with indigenous peoples’ ecological and spiritual relations.

This article re-conceptualises genocide on indigenous peoples by disentangling its cultural dimensions. Extractive and similar operations gradually deteriorate lands and environment, exerting severe impacts on territorial rights, eventually on their physical and cultural annihilation. The article approaches the crime of genocide in both its physical and cultural dimensions, demanding its integration into IHRL and criminal law. Recent ethnographic research in Bolivia and Colombia demonstrates how indigenous peoples are gradually exposed to genocidal policies despite strong legal frameworks. Such rights materialise in the form of prior consultation, land rights, prohibition of forced relocation and maintaining of organisational and decisionmaking procedures.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze how prison systems in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico respond to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It explores the challenges these institutions face, the actions taken, the beneficiaries from such measures, and their immediate effect. We argue that governments and prison authorities struggle to put in place comprehensive measures to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19 within these institutions and that more concrete and swift actions are needed to address the magnitude and the consequences of the pandemic. This paper uses both primary and secondary data to describe the current prison situation and analyze institutional responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in these countries.

This work aims to consider the existing relationship between the discourses of national history generally recognized as a trade attributed to the field of historiography in which historical discourses are found; and literature as another possible view of Colombian history; however, several writers have taken up these historical discourses to recreate and transform them into new interpretative proposals, framed by literary contexts. To achieve this, the fictional discourse has used both the historical discourse and the author’s imagination to contextualize, criticize, interpret, clarify and even parody moments, times or periods alluding to a specific event. In this approaches, it is evident that it is through literary discourse that other search options and possible loos are presented to find answers about some events, interpret documents of various genres, describe past events and/or recreate existing stories, to imagine what fictional literary. Este trabajo se propone considerar la relación existente que existe entre los discursos de la historia nacional generalmente reconocidos como un oficio atribuido al campo de la historiografía en el que se encuentran los discursos históricos; y la literatura como otra posible mirada de la historia colombiana; sin embargo, varios escritores han retomado estos discursos históricos para recrearlos y transformarlos en nuevas propuestas interpretativas, enmarcadas por los contextos literarios. Para lograrlo, el discurso novelesco se ha valido, tanto del discurso histórico como de la imaginación del autor para contextualizar, criticar, interpretar, esclarecer e incluso parodiar momentos, épocas o periodos alusivos a un evento específico. En estos planteamientos se evidencia que es a través del discurso literario en el que se presentan otras opciones de búsqueda y miradas posibles para hallar respuestas sobre algunos acontecimientos, interpretar documentos de diversos géneros, describir hechos pasados y/o recrear historias existentes, para imaginar lo literario novelesco.

Understanding factors that hinder vaccination, including logistical and social constraints, is critical to finding the most effective approach for the global eradication of peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Vaccination projects should analyze the supply chain and take it into consideration when planning and creating a vaccination strategy. Adequate supply chain management of the PPR vaccine could lead to reduced cost, increased availability, and the construction of a data platform for other livestock vaccines. Integrating the supply chain of PPR vaccine with other veterinary or health commodities could reduce cost, as well as increase uptake. The use of a thermostable vaccine could potentially have a positive impact on the eradication of PPR in remote areas, such as the Karamoja subregion in Uganda, as it did with rinderpest across Sub Saharan Africa. In terms of vaccine delivery, the use of community animal health workers (CAHWs) could be beneficial in certain areas, such as the Karamoja subregion of Uganda, by alleviating supply chain constraints in the last-mile delivery, as well as increasing coverage and uptake. A gendered approach to livestock vaccines should also be considered, as decision-making power regarding livestock vaccination is gendered in many various contexts. The PPR eradication strategy—as well as other livestock vaccination programs—would be more effective and efficient if the supply chain management were considered as a key component in the process and efforts tailored, accordingly. Comprender los factores que obstaculizan la vacunación, incluidas las limitaciones logísticas y sociales, es fundamental para encontrar el enfoque más eficaz para la erradicación mundial de la peste de los pequeños rumiantes (PPR). Los proyectos de vacunación deben analizar la cadena de suministro y tenerla en cuenta al planificar y crear una estrategia de vacunación. La gestión adecuada de la cadena de suministro de la vacuna contra la PPR podría conducir a una reducción de los costos, una mayor disponibilidad y la construcción de una plataforma de datos para otras vacunas para ganado. La integración de la cadena de suministro de la vacuna contra la PPR con otros productos veterinarios o de salud podría reducir los costos y aumentar la aceptación. El uso de una vacuna termoestable podría tener un impacto positivo en la erradicación de la PPR en áreas remotas, como la subregión de Karamoja en Uganda, como ocurrió con la peste bovina en el África subsahariana. En términos de entrega de vacunas, el uso de trabajadores comunitarios de salud animal (CAHW) podría ser beneficioso en ciertas áreas, como la subregión de Karamoja en Uganda, al aliviar las limitaciones de la cadena de suministro en la entrega de última milla, así como aumentar la cobertura y la aceptación. También se debe considerar un enfoque de género para las vacunas del ganado, ya que el poder de toma de decisiones con respecto a la vacunación del ganado tiene un género en muchos contextos diferentes. La estrategia de erradicación de la PPR, así como otros programas de vacunación del ganado, sería más eficaz y eficiente si la gestión de la cadena de suministro se considerara un componente clave del proceso y los esfuerzos se adaptarán en consecuencia.

Resumen: Narradoras adolescentes en la literatura colombiana explora representaciones de la adolescencia por medio de las voces y perspectivas de niñas en algunos cuentos y novelas escritos por escritoras colombianas. El texto indaga sobre la cuestión de cómo estas voces representan las tensiones y contradicciones entre las cómodas creencias de los adultos y la perspectiva inquisitiva de las adolescentes. También observa los diversos grados de conocimiento sobre las adolescentes mismas y los distintos medios y posibilidades con los que cuentan para adquirir dicho conocimiento. Estas búsquedas varían en gran medida de acuerdo con los antecedentes familiares, las diferencias culturales y regionales y el momento histórico en el cual viven. Las autoras consideradas son Simanca Pushaina, Vicenta Siosi Pino, Silvia Galvis Ramírez y Margarita García Robayo. Abstract: Female Adolescent Narrators in Colombian Literature explores representations of adolescents through the voices and perspectives of girls in some novels and short stories written by Colombian female writers. It delves into the question of how these voices represent the tensions and contradictions between the comfortable beliefs of the adults and the enquiring perspective of the adolescent girls. It also looks at the characters’ different levels of knowledge about themselves and the different means and possibilities they have in order to acquire this knowledge. These searches vary greatly according to the protagonists’ families, their cultural and regional differences and the historical moment they are living in. The authors considered are Simanca Pushaina, Vicenta Siosi Pino, Silvia Galvis Ramirez and Margarita Garcia Robayo.