The aim of this assignment is to explore some of the main debates regarding both socio-economic, cultural issues and its relation to education. In the first section, it will mainly draw ideas from Nancy Fraser, Iris young and Amartya Sen to explain not only how inequalities have taken place in society, but also how it appears to be an alternative paradigm of social justice. The assignment shows an overall understanding of how redistribution and recognition can have pressures and tensions but also the linking points between them through Fraser´s remedies for justice. It also will show how socio-cultural differences have become relevant in society and why those appear to be claims for justice. This analysis will provide a discussion of education and policy tensions and pressures within the social justice approach and social democracies in the Latin American context. The assignment will question the role of education in addressing inequalities based on a paradigm of recognition and redistribution as well as how the system has helped to homogenise and then marginalise groups of minorities. This social justice paradigm will be argued as a way to offer an alternative rationale about quality in education. This analysis will support the idea of a quality education redefinition to develop individuals and society´s capabilities through what they have reason to value (Tikly and Barrett, 2011). Hence, quality should have a place in schools´ communities to reflect upon the curricula as “praxis”, and, more precisely, as a “bridge between society and school” to address inequality (Sacristan, 2000 p.14).

Abstract This paper analyses how the Nasa indigenous community of Toribío (Cauca, Colombia) has configured mental reconciliation models in spite of the violent feedback they received during the armed conflict in Colombia. For this analysis, the theoretical perspective of cognitive institutionalism is used. Empirical evidence was collected mainly through semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The results suggest that strategies of peaceful resistance, such as the creation of Permanent Assembly Sites, the Community Life Plan and the Indigenous Guard, have contributed to producing successful solutions in the search for reconciliation and peace in indigenous territories. Resumen El presente artículo analiza la manera en que la comunidad indígena nasa de Toribío (Cauca, Colombia) ha configurado modelos mentales de reconciliación pese a haber recibido retroalimentaciones violentas del entorno a raíz del conflicto armado en Colombia. Para ello, se emplea la perspectiva teórica del institucionalismo cognitivo. La evidencia empírica se recolectó principalmente a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. Los resultados sugieren que estrategias de resistencia pacífica como la creación de Sitios de Asamblea Permanente (SAP), el Plan de Vida Comunitario y la Guardia Indígena han contribuido a generar soluciones exitosas en la búsqueda de la reconciliación y de la paz en los territorios indígenas.

During the eighteenth century, there was an increased interest in the Spanish World for French fashions and imported luxury goods, sparked by both the establishment of the Bourbon dynasty and a general increase in consumption. A new style, influenced by the fashions of the French court at Versailles, invaded the Spanish American colonies, where aristocratic women began to modify the French fashions into a local culture of appearances. Using portraits, inventories, diaries, and travellers’ journals, this article makes a preliminary exploration of the emergence of this process in the Viceroyalty of New Granada, in northern South America, by studying the influence of French female fashions and their adoption and adaptations by the Spanish colonial aristocracy. Durante el siglo XVIII, aumentó el interés por las modas francesas y los bienes de lujo importados en el mundo español, a raíz del establecimiento de los Borbones en la Corona y un incremento generalizado del consumo. Un nuevo estilo, influenciado por las modas de la corte francesa en Versalles, invadió las colonias hispanoamericanas, en donde las mujeres aristocráticas modificaron el gusto francés para ajustarlo a la cultura local de las apariencias. A partir de retratos e inventarios, diarios y crónicas de viajeros, este artículo ofrece una exploración preliminar sobre la emergencia de este proceso en el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada. Se estudia la influencia de la moda femenina francesa, su adopción y las adaptaciones realizadas por las mujeres de la aristocracia colonial.

Colombia is an upper middle-income country with an estimated population of 49.2 million people, and road traffic collisions (RTCs) are the second most common cause of traumatic death. The government established the National Road Safety Plan (PNSV) for the period 2011-2021, to reduce RTC-related deaths by 26%. Study aim was to evaluate whether Road Safety Laws have had a long-term effect on road safety in the country. Data on RTC from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2017 were collated from official Colombian governmental publications. Three periods were considered for analysis: 2001-2010 evaluating the Transit Code; 2011-2017 evaluating the PNSV; and 2001-2017 evaluating the full study period. A total of 102,723 deaths (12.7%) and 707,778 injuries (87.3%) were reported from 2001 through 2017. Transit Code period showed a 10.1% decline in deaths, 16.6% decline in injuries, and rates per 100,000 inhabitants and per 10,000 registered vehicles also declined. During the PNSV period, there was an increase in deaths by 16.6%, injuries decreased by 1.7%, and death rates per 100,000 inhabitants also increased. During the total study period, a 12.4% reduction in the total number of casualties was achieved, and death and injury rates per 100,000 inhabitants decreased by 12.4% and 27.5%, respectively. Overall, the absolute number of RTCs and deaths has increased. RTCs rates per 10,000 registered vehicles has decreased. Although the goals of the PNSV may not be realized, some laws may be having a beneficial effect. Further study is required to determine the longer-term impact of these initiatives.

Resumen: En un momento en el que la incertidumbre describe a las sociedades postmodernas, la observación social le entrega al jurista un prisma de interpretación renovado. Este artículo propone revisar algunas de las reflexiones que el sociólogo alemán Ülrich Beck realizó alrededor de la noción de riesgo como descriptor del escenario social contemporáneo y trasladarlas al universo de lo jurídico[1]. De este modo, se abordará el tema desde la perspectiva del derecho público en general, y del derecho administrativo en particular, como herramientas que permiten a los gobiernos adoptar medidas extraordinarias cuando la materialización de dichos riesgos es fuente de crisis. Éstas a su vez, dejan al desnudo una crisis más profunda situada en un nivel axiológico. La distorsión de valores que acompaña la actividad legislativa de los Estados incita a la autogeneración y a la agravación del riesgo. Abstract: At a time when uncertainty describes postmodern societies, social observation gives legal experts a renewed interpretation perspective. This article aims at reviewing some reflections made by German sociologist Ülrich Beck on the concept of risk as a descriptor of the contemporary social scenario and transferring them to the universe of law. This article analyses said subject from public law- a general perspective one- and from administrative law – a particular one-, as tools that allow governments to take extraordinary measures when the realization of such risks is a source of crises. These laws lay bare a deeper crisis at an axiological level. Distortion of values accompanying legislative activities of States stimulates self-generation and aggravation of risks. [1] La relación que existe entre el derecho y otras ciencias sociales ha sido muy discutida en el ámbito académico. En un artículo publicado en 1992, Laurent Thévenot recuerda que «las relaciones entre el derecho y las ciencias sociales está animada por críticas recíprocas, en nombre del desconocimiento de la especificidad del derecho, o en sentido inverso, a nombre del formalismo de categorías jurídicas por ser demasiado distantes de las prácticas sociales”, en Laurent THÉVENOT, «Jugements ordinaires et jugement de droit». Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 47 (6), 1992, p.p. 1279–129. Sin embargo, son muchas las contribuciones de la sociología al derecho e inversamente. En ese sentido, autores como Weber (2007) y Durkheim (1975) han trabajado el concepto de ley desde una perspectiva sociológica. Del mismo modo, el sociólogo Pierre Bordieu (1986) demostró que no era tanto el Estado de derecho como su uso lo que merecía ser estudiado. Desde una perspectiva diferente, Michel Foucault (1975) pidió deconstruir los fundamentos del derecho. Entre otras cosas, forjó el concepto de ilegalidad. Según él, cada clase social tiene sus propias transgresiones: cada clase social juega con la ley de acuerdo con sus intereses y recursos.

Resumen: Tradicionalmente el ensayo de penetración estándar (SPT) ha sido el ensayo mas utilizado para la exploración de suelos desde hace mas de 50 años. A pesar de sus importantes limitaciones y a la existencia de ensayos mas sofisticados, el ensayo SPT sigue siendo un ensayo común en la práctica rutinaria de la ingeniería geotecnia. La falta de generalización de las correlaciones sumado a la falta de un marco conceptual teórico sólido para la interpretación del ensayo ha impedido su posicionamiento como un ensayo de alta confiabilidad para la caracterización geotécnica. No obstante, lo anterior durante la década de 1980, se desarrolló una línea de investigación que fundamentaba la interpretación del ensayo en la propagación de ondas mecánicas en el sistema. Los hallazgos de estos ensayos fueron retomados por investigadores en Brasil, quienes extendieron las investigaciones, logrando aplicar exitosamente modelos matemáticos para la solución de la ecuación de onda junto con modelos constitutivos similares a los usados en el análisis de pruebas dinámicas de carga en pilotes (PDA), logrando por primera vez demostrar que la mecánica del ensayo SPT puede ser interpretada como un sistema mecánico en el cual la energía introducida al sistema por el impacto de un martillo se transforma en trabajo mecánico de las fuerzas no conservativas aportadas por el suelo como reacción del sistema. Considerando las pruebas instrumentadas de ensayos SPT que se han realizado en Colombia, los cuales han permitido calibrar las variables de los equipos utilizados en los ensayos, se utilizaron los resultados de los nuevos modelos de interpretación del ensayo SPT para la obtención de parámetros geomecánicos (Vs, Su y f’), en dos proyectos diferentes: Uno en la instalación portuaria ubicada a 5 km del municipio de Tolú y el otro ubicado al lado del club de la policía en la ciudad de Bogotá. Los resultados obtenidos fueron comparados con ensayos de laboratorio, ensayos tipo CPTU y parámetros retrocalculados a partir de pruebas PDA, mostrando una correspondencia y equivalencia de los parámetros obtenidos a partir del nuevo modelo de interpretación del ensayo SPT demostrado su validez.

Resumen: The analysis of web-based mapping has usually focused on the relation between a specific type of social actor and his/her engagement with the map that is being created. Through an ethnographic description of two participatory mapping projects in Madrid, Spain, this article explores other practices that are indirectly related to map production. Drawing on the analytical distinction between composition and coordination suggested by Chris Kelty, the article argues that the relationships built between various actors involved in the projects (coordination) are as important to take into account as the relationship between a single type of actor and the map (composition), for the tensions between efficiency versus ethics, or technical versus managerial knowledge emerge in the multiactor negotiations and decisions taking place.

Abstract: Colombia’s development model based on economic growth has favoured nature exploitation and unequitable power relations over rural land. This has led to violent conflicts, land disposition, migratory dynamics and poverty, which has delayed rural development. Colombian rural regions are characterized by limited access to political, social, and economic resources, poor basic services, detriment on cultural and environmental values, as well as undervalued traditional productivity activities and life style; in sum, they have limited development opportunities and capabilities. In turn, the country’s decentralized planning system undermines territorial comprehensiveness, urban/rural articulation and rural sustainable development. Limitations and contradictions caused by overlaps and gaps amongst governmental levels, laws and decrees, which goes hand in hand with urban-oriented planning policies that have undermined rural development, environmental sustainability and social well-being. Within this context, the signing of the Peace Treaty of 2016 gave origin to new trends and revalued rural Colombia as the privileged space for peace making. Therefore, the country is in the process of reconsidering rurality not only as land for agriculture or nature exploitation, but also as a space for community opportunities and the protection of nature. In order to comprehend rural development models and planning limitations and contradictions for rural and territorial development in Colombia, this work proposes a conceptual approach on the basis of theories on development, rural development, rurality and political ecology. A state of the art of current history of political and economic conflicts over rural land and the evaluation of the planning systems are presented in this thesis in order to orient planning perspectives for policy transformation and to search for urban and rural development alternatives. The review of various international examples of nature exploitation unveils links between the exploitation of nature and the potentials of spatial development. The analysis of Colombia’s region Casanare shows how critical aspects caused by fast-growing demographic and economic dynamics due to extractivist industries, which have generated unjust resource distribution and planning decisions, have impaired rural development and social improvement. Based on evidence on these variables, recommendations to reorient planning policies for rural and regional development alternatives in Colombia will be provided. This dissertation proposes alternatives, redefining objectives and spatial planning principles centred on nature- mankind relationships that can also be internationally applicable.

Abstract: Fluid storage capacity measurements of core plugs in the laboratory consider pore volume as a function of effective stress. The latter is equal to applied confining pressure – n × applied pore pressure. However, the results are often reported as a function of difference in the applied pressures, because the effective stress coefficient (n) is an unknown. This creates confusion during the interpretation of laboratory data and leads to added uncertainties in the analysis of the storage capacity of the samples under in-situ conditions. In this paper, we present a new laboratory method that allows simultaneous prediction of the sample pore volume, the coefficient of isothermal pore compressibility, and the effective stress coefficient. These quantities are necessary to predict the fluid storage as a function of effective stress. The method requires two stages of gas (helium) uptake by the sample under confining pressure and pore pressure and measures pressure-volumedata. Confining pressure is always kept larger than the equilibrium pore pressure, but their values at each stage are changed arbitrarily. The analysis is simple and includes simultaneous solutions of two algebraic equations including the measured pressurevolumedata. The model is validated by taking the reference pore volume near zero stress. The reference volume predicted matches with that measured independently using the standard helium porosimeter. For sandstone, shale, and carbonate samples, the estimated pore compressibility is, on average, 10−6 psi−1. The effective stress coefficient is higher than unity and is a linear function of the ratio of the applied pressure values. We present a new graphical method that predicts the Biot coefficient (α) of the rock sample, a fundamental quantity used during the strain calculations that indicates the tendency of the rock to deform volumetrically. A new fundamental rule is found between the applied pressure difference and the effective stress: σe/α = pc − pp. Interestingly, the predicted Biot coefficient values for the shale samples show values between 0.46 and 1.0. This indicates that features of the shale sample, such as mineral variability, fine-scale lamination, and fissility, come into play during the fluid storage measurements. Resumen: Las mediciones de capacidad de almacenamiento de fluidos en tapones de núcleo en el laboratorio consideran el volumen poroso como una función del esfuerzo efectiva. Esta última, es igual a la presión de confinamiento aplicada - n × presión de poro aplicada. Sin embargo, los resultados a menudo se reportan como función de la diferencia en las presiones aplicadas, porque el coeficiente de esfuerzo efectivo (n) es desconocido. Esto crea confusión durante la interpretación de los datos de laboratorio y genera incertidumbres adicionales en el análisis de la capacidad de almacenamiento de las muestras en condiciones in situ. Resumen: En este artículo, presentamos un nuevo método de laboratorio que permite la estimación simultánea del volumen poroso de la muestra, el coeficiente de compresibilidad de poro isotérmico y el coeficiente de esfuerzo efectivo. Estas cantidades son necesarias para predecir el almacenamiento de fluido en función del esfuerzo efectivo. El método requiere dos etapas de absorción de gas (helio) por la muestra bajo presión de confinamiento y presión de poro y mide los datos de presión-volumen. La presión de confinamiento siempre se mantiene mayor que la presión de poro de equilibrio, pero sus valores en cada etapa pueden cambiar arbitrariamente. El análisis es simple e incluye soluciones simultáneas de dos ecuaciones algebraicas, incluidos los datos de presión-volumen medidos. El modelo se valida tomando el volumen de poro de referencia cerca de la tensión cero. El volumen de referencia estimado coincide con el medido de forma independiente utilizando un porosímetro de helio estándar. Para las muestras de arenisca, lutita y carbonato, la compresibilidad de poro estimada es, en promedio, 10−6 psi − 1. El coeficiente de esfuerzo efectivo es mayor a la unidad y es una función lineal de la relación de los valores de presión aplicados. Presentamos un nuevo método gráfico que predice el coeficiente de Biot (α) de la muestra de roca, una cantidad fundamental utilizada durante los cálculos de deformación que indica la tendencia de la roca a deformarse volumétricamente. Se encuentra una nueva relación fundamental entre la diferencia de presión aplicada y el esfuerzo efectivo: σe / α = pc - pp. Curiosamente, los valores del coeficiente de Biot estimado para las muestras de lutitas muestran valores entre 0,46 y 1,0. Esto indica que las características de la muestra de lutita, como la variabilidad mineral, la laminación a escala fina y la fisibilidad, entran en juego durante las mediciones de almacenamiento de fluidos.

Abstract: Mixed microbial cultures have become a preferred choice of biocatalyst for chain elongation systems due to their ability to convert complex substrates into medium chain carboxylates. However, the complexity of the effects of process parameters on the microbial metabolic networks is a drawback that makes the task of optimizing product selectivity challenging. Here, we studied the effects of small air contaminations on the microbial community dynamics and the product formation in anaerobic bioreactors fed with lactate, acetate and H2/CO2. Two stirred tank reactors and two bubble column reactors were operated with H2/CO2 gas recirculation for 139 and 116 days, respectively, at pH 6.0 and 32°C with a hydraulic retention time of 14 days. One reactor of each type had periods with air contamination (between 97 ± 28 and 474 ± 33 mL O2 L−1 d−1, lasting from 4 to 32 days), while the control reactors were kept anoxic. During air contamination, production of n-caproate and CH4 was strongly inhibited, whereas no clear effect on nbutyrate production was observed. In a period with detectable O2 concentrations that went up to 18%, facultative anaerobes of the genus Rummeliibacillus became predominant and only n-butyrate was produced. However, at low air contamination rates and with O2 below the detection level, Coriobacteriia and Actinobacteria gained a competitive advantage over Clostridia and Methanobacteria, and propionate production rates increased to 0.8–1.8 mmol L−1 d−1 depending on the reactor (control reactors 0.1–0.8 mmol L−1 d−1). Moreover, i-butyrate production was observed, but only when Methanobacteria abundances were low and, consequently, H2 availability was high. After air contamination stopped completely, production of n-caproate and CH4 recovered, with n-caproate production rates of 1.4–1.8 mmol L−1 d−1 (control 0.7–2.1 mmol L−1 d−1). The results underline the importance of keeping strictly anaerobic conditions in fermenters when consistent n-caproate production is the goal. Beyond that, micro-aeration should be further tested as a controllable process parameter to shape the reactor microbiome. When odd-chain carboxylates are desired, further studies can develop strategies for their targeted production by applying micro-aerobic conditions.