CFD software are known for the efficiency of millions of iterations to calculate a specific case of pressure or forces acting in an object. As the same way that robust CAD software exist to optimize a conceptual approach of a specific part system of an aircraft (or in its total expression), there are others that permits to generate numbers of iterations for the different state of design of an aircraft. Advanced Aircraft Analysis is a software that helps the engineer in the design process taking into account all variables that, with the input, it will generate a performance analysis of the aircraft depending in the flight condition that it is needed. The data of aircrafts general description, engine, landing gear, fuselage general form and so on are inputted to the software along with more specific information of propeller, frames, wing, stabilizers, control surfaces, weights and flight conditions to finally obtain an analysis of the airplane in a given scenario. This project intends to understand the function of AAA software by doing the input of all the needed parameters for PC-6 Pilatus Porter aircraft to first, have its design and second generate a simple performance analysis for a given flight condition. El software CFD es conocido por la eficiencia de millones de iteraciones para calcular un caso específico de presión o fuerzas que actúan en un objeto. De la misma manera que existe un software CAD robusto para optimizar un enfoque conceptual de un sistema de piezas específico de una aeronave (o en su expresión total), existen otros que permiten generar números de iteraciones para el diferente estado de diseño de una aeronave. Advanced Aircraft Analysis es un software que ayuda al ingeniero en el diseño proceso teniendo en cuenta todas las variables que, con la entrada, generarán un análisis de rendimiento de la aeronave según la condición de vuelo que se necesite. Resumen: Los datos de la descripción general de los aviones, el motor, el tren de aterrizaje, la forma general del fuselaje, etc. se ingresan al software junto con información más específica de la hélice, los frames, las alas, los estabilizadores, las superficies de control, los pesos y las condiciones de vuelo para finalmente obtener un análisis del avión en un escenario dado. Este proyecto tiene la intención de comprender la función del software AAA al ingresar todos los parámetros necesarios para que la aeronave PC-6 Pilatus Porter primero, tenga su diseño y luego genere un análisis de rendimiento simple para una condición de vuelo dada.

Desde hace años, la creciente evidencia científica sobre el impacto ecológico de las actividades humanas ha generado preocupación en diversas industrias alrededor del mundo. Grandes compañías han implementado estrategias sostenibles, que contemplan factores medioambientales, sociales y de gobierno corporativo (ESG por sus siglas en inglés). Sin embargo, la aproximación actual de las compañías a los factores ESG olvida los factores sociales, en particular la protección de los derechos humanos, como elemento crítico para la sostenibilidad. Una de las causas más citadas por las compañías para no incluir consideraciones de derechos humanos en sus estrategias es el costo asociado a este tipo de medidas y el bajo impacto que tienen sobre sus rendimientos financieros. Sin embargo, cada vez más inversionistas están demandando de las compañías generación de valor a largo plazo y adecuación a los estándares globales de ESG. Bajo este contexto, la banca tiene un rol fundamental en la generación de incentivos para que las compañías incluyan consideraciones de derechos humanos en sus estrategias. En particular, en un país como Colombia, donde la banca es la fuente primaria de financiamiento para el sector real, su compromiso con este tema puede transformar el panorama. Sin embargo, siendo la banca a su vez una actividad económica, también requiere de los incentivos correctos para impulsar este cambio. Por tanto, este ensayo discute los argumentos para soportar la tesis de que deberían incluirse consideraciones de derechos humanos en el sistema de administración del riesgo de crédito de los bancos. Abstract: For years, the growing scientific evidence on the ecological impact of human activities has generated concern in various industries around the world. Large companies have implemented sustainable strategies, which consider environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) factors. However, the current approach of companies to ESG factors forgets social factors, in particular the protection of human rights, as a critical element for sustainability. One of the most cited causes by companies for not including human rights considerations in their strategies is the cost associated with these types of measures and the low impact they have on their financial returns. However, more and more investors are demanding long-term value generation and achieving global standards to better serve their investors and stockholders. Under this context, banks have a fundamental role in creating incentives for companies to include human rights considerations in their strategies. In particular, in a country like Colombia, where banking is the primary source of financing for the real sector, its commitment to this issue can transform the landscape. However, since banking is also an economic activity, it requires the right incentives to drive this change. Therefore, this essay discusses the arguments to support the thesis that including human rights considerations should be mandatory in the banks’ credit risk management system.

This thesis aims to contribute to the definition of a comprehensive and integrated vision for Bogotá, Colombia, in terms of urban regeneration and social cohesion. It attempts to facilitate the construction of civic meaning, institutional cooperation and spatial revitalization in a historically unequal territory. By analyzing and recognizing the disparity between Bogotá’s urban transport and urban structure city models at the metropolitan level, this project revises the impact and influence that past and prospective public transport systems could raise in the existing urban patterns and social dynamics of the Historic City Center. The objective is to redefine regeneration through mobilization in order to renegotiate the role that mobility structures could have as instruments for sustainable and inclusive socio-spatial transformations. The outlines are established under a systematized urban regeneration model engaged by the potentialities of a Sustainable Transit-Oriented Development. By providing an integrated framework, strategy and guidelines of this project will become an operative design platform able to promote new urban conditions and new forms of the state in the social, spatial and economic domain. The articulation between the values of mobility, identity and urban networks, from the local to the metropolitan level, will promote the consolidation of the City Center as the city’s main structural element once again. As a result, this will become a stepping stone for a competitive, genuinely democratic and socially-fair emerging metropolis model. Resumen: Esta Tesis tiene como objetivo contribuir a la definición de una visión integral e integrada de Bogotá, Colombia, en términos de regeneración urbana y cohesión social. Intenta facilitar la construcción del sentido cívico, la cooperación institucional y la revitalización espacial en un territorio históricamente desigual. Al analizar y reconocer la disparidad entre el transporte urbano de Bogotá y los modelos de estructura urbana a nivel metropolitano, este proyecto analiza el impacto y la influencia que los sistemas de transporte público pasados y futuros podrían tener en los patrones urbanos y las dinámicas sociales existentes en el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad. El objetivo es redefinir la regeneración mediante la movilización, para renegociar el papel que las estructuras de movilidad podrían tener como instrumento de transformaciones socio-espaciales, sostenibles e inclusivas. Los esquemas se establecen bajo un modelo de regeneración urbana sistematizado y comprometido con las potencialidades de un Desarrollo Sostenible Orientado al Transporte. Al proporcionar un marco integrado, la estrategia y las directrices de este proyecto se convertirá en una plataforma de diseño operativo capaz de promover nuevas condiciones urbanas y nuevas formas de Estado en el ámbito social, espacial y económico. La articulación entre los valores de movilidad, identidad y redes urbanas, desde el nivel local al metropolitano, favorecerá la consolidación del Centro de la Ciudad como principal elemento estructural de la ciudad. Como resultado, esto se convertirá en un peldaño hacia un modelo de metrópolis competitivo, genuinamente democrático y socialmente justo.

Background: Treatment abandonment is a leading cause of treatment failure and poor survival in children with cancer in low- and middle-income countries. It compromises the outcome of 1 in 7 children with cancer globally, it has an estimated prevalence of about 15%. In Mexico, Prior to the creation of medical insurance in 2005, the rate of treatment abandonment was reported as >20% (data from 2000-2004), more recently, the rate of treatment abandonment has been reported at 15.5% (data from 2008 -2017). Methods: Case and control study was performed. We retrospectively reviewed the sociodemographic and clinical data of children with a diagnosis with cancer in the Hospital Civil of Guadalajara- Mexico, between January 2006 and December 2018, this a reference in childhood cancer for western of Mexico. The definition of treatment abandonment followed the International Society of Paediatric Oncology. Results: Data from 1812 patients diagnosed with cancer were analyzed, of which 183 (10%) abandoned treatment. Bivariate logistic regression analysis showed significantly higher abandonment rates in children level of education of the parents; basic education (OR 0.36; p 0.058), Time to travel to hospital > 3 hr. (OR 11.95; p 0.001), single parent (OR 2.50; p 0.003), rural area (OR 0.597; p 0.040), Primary Caregiver Age < 20 years old (OR 4.04; p 0.023). Conclusion: Treatment abandonment prevalence in Hospital Civil of Guadalajara Mexico is high and closely related to socio-demographic factors. This study will create a risk score for the abandonment of treatment in our population, validating it and managing to reduce the percentage of this problem. Resumen. Antecedentes: el abandono del tratamiento es una de las principales causas de fracaso del tratamiento y una pobre supervivencia en niños con cáncer en países de bajos y medianos ingresos. Actualmente 1 de cada 7 niños con cáncer a nivel mundial, tiene una prevalencia estimada de aproximadamente el 15% de abandono. En México, antes de la creación del seguro médico en 2005, la tasa de abandono del tratamiento se informó como> 20% (datos de 2000-2004), más recientemente, la tasa de abandono del tratamiento se reportó en 15.5% (datos de 2008 -2017). Métodos: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles. Revisamos retrospectivamente los datos sociodemográficos y clínicos de niños con diagnóstico de cáncer en el Hospital Civil de Guadalajara- México, entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2018, este es un hospital de referencia en cáncer infantil para el oeste de México. La definición de abandono del tratamiento se baso en el de la Sociedad Internacional de Oncología Pediátrica. Resultados: Se analizaron datos de 1812 pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer, de los cuales 183 (10%) abandonaron el tratamiento. El análisis de regresión logística bivariada mostró tasas de abandono significativamente más altas en el nivel de educación de los padres de los niños; educación básica (OR 0.36; p 0.058), Tiempo para viajar al hospital> 3 h (OR 11.95; p 0.001), familia monoparental (OR 2.50; p 0.003), área rural (OR 0.597; p 0.040), Edad del cuidador primario < 20 años (OR 4.04; p 0.023). Conclusión: La prevalencia del abandono del tratamiento en el Hospital Civil de Guadalajara México es alta y está estrechamente relacionada con factores sociodemográficos. Este estudio creará una puntuación de riesgo para el abandono del tratamiento en nuestra población, validándolo y logrando reducir el porcentaje de este problema.

Improvement of wear resistance and mechanical performance of rails used in heavy-haul railway are essential to reduce railroad maintenance costs. A novel heat treatment based on quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processing was proposed to improve the wear resistance of a hypereutectoid pearlitic rail. 50% of austenite was transformed into martensite under an interrupted quenching from full austenitization temperature to 140°C. A multiphase microstructure resulted from the quenching and partitioning process, consisting of tempered martensite, bainite, retained austenite, and pearlite colonies. The partitioning step was performed in the range of 350–650°C. Microstructure characteristics were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, microhardness measurements, X-ray and electron backscattered difraction. Uniaxial tensile and pin-on-disc tests were also performed to evaluate the mechanical properties and wear resistance. The best combination of wear resistance and mechanical performance was obtained in samples partitioned at 450 and 550°C, which may be applied in the railway industries. Resumen: El aumento en la resistencia al desgaste y el desempeño mecánico de los rieles utilizados en ferrocarriles para transporte de carga pesada son esenciales para reducir los costos de mantenimiento de los rieles. Se propone un nuevo tratamiento térmico basado en el proceso de temple y partición (Q&P) para mejorar la resistencia al desgaste de un riel perlítico hipereutectoide. Durante el enfriamiento desde la temperatura de plena austenización se transformó el 50% de la austenita en martensita, bajo un enfriamiento interrumpido a 140 °C. Una microestructura multifásica fue obtenida del proceso de temple y partición, que consiste en colonias de perlita, martensita revenida, bainita y austenita retenida. La etapa de partición se realizó en el rango de 350–650 °C. Las características de la microestructura se investigaron mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido, mediciones de microdureza, rayos X y difracción retrodispersada de electrones. También se realizaron pruebas uniaxiales de tracción y pin-disco para evaluar las propiedades mecánicas y la resistencia al desgaste. La mejor combinación de resistencia al desgaste y desempeño mecánico se obtuvo en muestras particionadas a 450 y 550 ° C, que pueden ser aplicadas en las industrias ferroviarias.

Dabeiba is a small locality situated at the northern part of the Western Cordillera of Colombia which has the presence of thermal springs with interesting geology and hydrochemistry data. Through stable isotopes a faint mixture between the geothermal waters with superficial waters was identified. The springs are sodium-chloride type slightly diluted, with high concentration of boron. Using the conservative elements allowed identifying all springs from the same reservoir and they are in partial equilibrium according to Na-K-Mg diagram. The reservoir temperature was measured with solute geothermometers selected by the suitable conditions, identifying a low enthalpy system with values of ~150°C. The geothermal system is associated with deeply circulating waters in a fracture zone, where the waters possibly come of releasing from meta-sedimentary rocks and apparently with a bit of magmatic input, explaining the high concentrations salt components and boron.

Software Defined Networks (SDN) is a networking approach that decouples the intelligent control plane from networking devices and establishes a separate entity called "controller" that rule the behaviour of the data plane on physical networking devices. Due to the rapid evolution and growth of SDN controllers in the market, this paper aims to present an extensive study on performance and scalability of different open source SDN controllers available in the existing literature. This work covers previous studies and expands them with updated information and official benchmarking methodologies. The study provides a framework based on the standards recommended by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) and it will serve as a guideline to the SDN community to benchmark different SDN controllers.

The Doña Juana Volcanic Complex (DJVC) is an active volcanic zone located in southern Colombia, an area lacking geothermal exploration data. Using the results of hydrogeochemical analyses of hot springs, thermal waters were divided into two groups: Doña Juana System (DJS) and Las Animas System (AS). The DJS thermal waters are sulphate-bicarbonate and the AS dilute-chloride waters with relatively high concentrations of alkalis. The stable isotope and some element ratios suggested a mixing process between geothermal fluids and meteoric waters where AS is related to the upflow with a reservoir temperature around 180 °C estimated through solute geothermometers and mineral equilibrium geothermometry, showing a high temperature system in which the fault systems apparently play an important role in the flow of the geothermal fluids

Rationale: Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM – lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins) are produced via the enzymatic conversion of essential fatty acids, including the omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA). These mediators exert potent leukocyte directed actions and control vascular inflammation. Supplementation of animals and humans with essential fatty acids, in particular omega-3 fatty acids, exerts protective actions reducing vascular and systemic inflammation. Of note, the mechanism(s) activated by these supplements in exerting their protective actions remain poorly understood. Objective: Given that essential fatty acids are precursors in the biosynthesises of SPM, the aim of the present study was to establish the relationship between supplementation and peripheral SPM concentrations. We also investigated the relationship between changes in plasma SPM concentrations and peripheral blood platelet and leukocyte responses. Methods and Results: Healthy volunteers were enrolled in a double blinded, placebo controlled, crossover study and peripheral blood was collected at baseline and 2, 4, 6 and 24h post administration of placebo or one of three doses of an enriched marine oil supplement. Assessment of plasma SPM concentrations using lipid mediator profiling demonstrated a time and dose-dependent increase in peripheral blood SPM concentration. Supplementation also led to a regulation of peripheral blood cell responses. Here we found a dose-dependent increase in neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis of bacteria, and a decrease in the diurnal activation of leukocytes and platelets, as measured by a decreased adhesion molecule expression. In addition, transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood cells demonstrated a marked shift in transcript levels of immune and metabolic genes 24h post-supplementation when compared with placebo. Conclusions: Together these findings demonstrate that supplementation with an enriched marine oil leads to an increase in peripheral blood SPM concentrations and reprograms peripheral blood, indicating a role for SPM in mediating the immune directed actions of this supplement.

Large amounts of offshore wind energy are planned by the Dutch government for the next years. The Dutch power system will continue to evolve to integrate these new sources of green power efficiently. The dynamic system performance of a grid topology with transmission capacity above 1 GW connecting offshore wind farms (OWFs) at distances close to (or beyond) 100 km in a standardized and modular manner is the focus of this paper. An electromagnetic transient (EMT) model was built in PSCAD in which OWFs are connected with 66 kV cables to a centralized offshore platform and a transmission link with a capacity of 1050 MW. The connection to the onshore transmission network is through a high voltage direct current (HVDC) link that uses a modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology. A dynamic performance analysis with several expected operational cases is done to obtain a complete overview and understanding of the system. Resumen: El gobierno holandés planea grandes cantidades de energía eólica marina para los próximos años. El sistema de transmisión de energía holandés continuará evolucionando para integrar estas nuevas fuentes de energía renovables no convencionales de manera eficiente. El desempeño dinámico de un sistema eléctrico con una topología de red con capacidad de transmisión por encima de 1 GW que conecta parques eólicos marinos a distancias cercanas (o más allá) de 100 km de manera estandarizada y modular se presenta en este artículo. Se construyó un modelo electromagnético transitorio en PSCAD en el que los parques eólicos marinos están conectados con cables de 66 kV a una plataforma centralizada mar adentro y un enlace de transmisión con una capacidad de 1050 MW. La conexión a la red de transmisión en tierra es a través de un enlace de corriente continua de alto voltaje (HVDC) que utiliza una topología de convertidor multinivel modular (MMC). Se realizó un estudio dinámico con varios casos operativos esperados para obtener una visión general completa y una comprensión del desempeño de todos los elementos del sistema.