Latin American integration is a core issue in Rodolfo Stavenhagen’s “Seven Erroneous Theses about Latin America.” A critical reading of the sixth thesis suggests an alternative interpretation. Changes in the past 50 years with regard to Latin American ethnic integration, for example in Mexico and Colombia, have called into question the model of integration through assimilation. The current challenges to integration in Latin America point to an alternative approach that attributes positive value to hybrid status as a path toward overcoming internal colonialism.

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and the emergence of resistant microorganisms have become a major challenge for the food industry. The purpose of this work was to microencapsulate the bacteriophage UFV-AREG1 in a calcium alginate matrix using microfluidic devices and to study the viability and efficiency of retention. The microcapsules were added to gel of propylene glycol for use as an antimicrobial in the food industry. The technique showed the number of the phage encapsulation, yielding drops with an average 100–250 ?m of diameter, 82.1 ± 2% retention efficiency and stability in the gel matrix for 21 days. The gel added to the microencapsulated phage showed efficiency (not detectable on the surface) in reducing bacterial contamination on the surface at a similar level to antimicrobial chemicals (alcohol 70%). Therefore, it was possible to microencapsulate bacteriophages in alginate-Ca and apply the microcapsules in gels for use as sanitizers in the food industry.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease characterized by a progressive elevation in mean pulmonary arterial pressure. This occurs due to abnormal remodeling of small peripheral lung vasculature resulting in progressive occlusion of the artery lumen that eventually causes right heart failure and death. The most common cause of PAH is inactivating mutations in the gene encoding a bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPRII). Current therapeutic options for PAH are limited and focused mainly on reversal of pulmonary vasoconstriction and proliferation of vascular cells. Although these treatments can relieve disease symptoms, PAH remains a progressive lethal disease. Emerging data suggest that restoration of BMPRII signaling in PAH is a promising alternative that could prevent and reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling. Here we will focus on recent advances in rescuing BMPRII expression, function or signaling to prevent and reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH and its feasibility for clinical translation. Furthermore, we summarize the role of described miRNAs that directly target the BMPR2 gene in blood vessels. We discuss the therapeutic potential and the limitations of promising new approaches to restore BMPRII signaling in PAH patients. Different mutations in BMPR2 and environmental/genetic factors make PAH a heterogeneous disease and it is thus likely that the best approach will be patient-tailored therapies.

Abstract: The pursuit of upward social transformation through service design and practice demands rigorous thinking about what this kind of change looks like and how it comes about. To advance these two goals, this study conceptualizes transformative value, defined as a social dimension of value creation which illuminates uplifting changes among individuals and collectives in the marketplace. Conceptual development draws on structuration theory and the service-dominant logic to articulate the spheres of transformative value as well as four distinctions between habitual and transformative value. Ethnographic analysis with a nonprofit service, which focuses on mitigating the inequalities of poverty, explores how service providers can facilitate transformative value. Findings highlight the roles of holistic value propositions, an anti-structural servicescape, and communal service practices. Beyond microlevel social impact, findings also reveal the macro-level reach of transformative value by demonstrating how services can contest and transform dominant social structures and stimulate social action. Discussion highlights the implications of transformative value for human agency and ways to design services that promote well-being among vulnerable populations. Resumen: La búsqueda de una transformación social a través del diseño y la práctica del servicio exige un pensamiento riguroso sobre como este tipo del cambio se ve y se produce. Para avanzar en estos dos objetivos, este estudio conceptualiza el valor transformador, definido como una dimensión social de creación de valor que ilumina los cambios edificantes entre individuos y colectivos en el mercado. El desarrollo conceptual se basa en la teoría de la estructuración y la lógica del servicio dominante para articular las esferas de la transformación valor así como también cuatro distinciones entre valor habitual y transformativo. Un análisis etnográfico en un servicio sin fines de lucro, que se centra en la mitigación de las desigualdades de la pobreza, evidencia cómo los proveedores de servicios pueden facilitar el valor transformador. Más allá de un impacto social a nivel individual, los hallazgos también revelan el alcance a nivel macro del valor transformador al demostrar cómo los servicios pueden competir y transformar las estructuras sociales dominantes y estimular la acción social. La discusión resalta las implicaciones de la transformación valor para la agencia humana y formas de diseñar servicios que promuevan el bienestar entre las poblaciones vulnerables.

Interspecific competition among secondary cavity nesters can involve physical conflicts between individuals, which may lead to serious injuries or death. Here we report a case of aggression by a pair of Chilean Swallows (Tachycineta meyeni) towards a nestling of the Thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) in the sub-Antarctic forests of Chile. This aggression caused the displacement of the breeding rayaditos from an occupied nest box and it appears, nestling mortality. Since levels of aggression among cavity nesters depend on the synchrony of their breeding phenologies, further research is needed to study the prevalence of nest usurpation by Chilean Swallows and its relation to the degree of breeding synchrony with other cavity nesters inhabiting the sub-Antarctic forests.

Documento en el que se ofrecen varias opiniones respecto al uso de recursos económicos en el Estado Soberano de Boyacá. A partir de la publicación, se busca demostrar el anhelo del gobierno local de facilitar a los habitantes de la región, mediante oportunidades laborales y la creación de nuevas empresas, elementos necesarios para el bienestar de la comunidad.

El documento comprende dos artículos del Boletín de la Academia Colombiana que tienen como tema central el estudio de la ortografía antigua y normas correspondientes al español, ejemplos y forma de pronunciación.

Si bien el uso del término “maquiaveliano(na)” es habitual desde hace tiempo sin que el Diccionario de la lengua española (drae) de la Real Academia de la Lengua Española (rae) lo “autorizara”, mediante la presente reflexión, versión de la propuesta enviada a la Real Academia el 2 de agosto de 2013, propongoque se tome en consideración la posibilidad de evaluar la inclusión en dicho diccionario del mencionado vocablo, así como también realizar enmiendas a otros tres vocablos ya existentes relacionados con este: “maquiavélico”, “maquiavelismo” y“maquiavelista”.