¿Existen animales capaces de cantar? ¿Hay plantas modificadas genéticamente para purificar el aire? ¿Qué aumenta el riesgo de padecer un ictus? ¿Cuál es el primer carnaval que se celebra en Europa?

Resumen: Uno de los grandes desafíos de las sociedades occidentales modernas, es justamente, la búsqueda constante de escenarios que permitan resolver los conflictos de manera pacífica a través del diálogo respetuoso, abierto y constructivo. Es así como se han plateado mecanismos como la conciliación, el arbitraje y la amigable composición para su resolución. Sin embargo, el uso de estos medios en ocasiones se ve retado dado el incesante dinamismo social, la aparición de nuevos conflictos y el uso reiterativo de formas tradicionales de solución de estos. Coetáneamente entre las comunidades indígenas existen normas consuetudinarias, procedimientos ancestrales e instituciones como la palabra, que han ayudado a preservar el orden y la convivencia, empleando una sabiduría ancestral basada en la observación de la naturaleza, la autoridad ejercida con responsabilidad y el uso de la retórica y la estética del lenguaje como herramientas para mantener el acercamiento y el entendimiento mutuo entre las familias y los eirruku wayuu. Los indígenas asentados en la península de La Guajira que comprende el departamento de La Guajira, al norte de Colombia y en el noroeste del estado Zulia en Venezuela conocidos como wayuu, se constituyen en la etnia más numerosa de ambos países y en un gran referente de estudio por la existencia de una cultura jurídica consuetudinaria basada en un sistema normativo milenario y en la insigne figura del Pütchipü´üi como mediador y tejedor de la palabra entre los miembros de esta comunidad, para asegurar el orden, la justicia y su supervivencia en un mundo cada vez más hostil y amenazante de sus costumbres y tradiciones. Abstract: One of the great challenges of modern western societies is precisely the constant search for scenarios that allow conflicts to be resolved peacefully through respectful, open and constructive dialogue. This is how mechanisms such as conciliation, arbitration and friendly composition have been established for its resolution. However, the use of these means is sometimes challenged given the incessant social dynamism, the appearance of new conflicts and the repetitive use of traditional ways of solving them. At the same time, among indigenous communities, there are customary norms, ancestral procedures, and institutions such as the word, which have helped to preserve order and coexistence, using an ancestral wisdom based on the observation of nature, the authority exercised with responsibility and the use of the rhetoric and the aesthetics of language as tools to maintain rapprochement and mutual understanding between families and the eirruku wayuu. The indigenous people settled in the La Guajira peninsula, which includes the department of La Guajira, in the north of Colombia and in the northwest of the Zulia state in Venezuela, known as wayuu, are the most numerous ethnic group in both countries and a great reference of study for the existence of a customary legal culture based on a millenary normative system and on the distinguished figure of the Pütchipü´üi as mediator and weaver of the word among the members of this community, to ensure order, justice and their survival in a world increasingly hostile and threatening of its customs and traditions.

Abstract: One of the recurring problems in the construction industry is its recognised lack of productivity due to different factors, among which could be highlighted the fragmentation of the information flow between the different phases of the project life cycle and the difficulty in communication between the different stakeholders. To address this, the industry has reacted through the use of prefabrication and the implementation of new technologies such as Building Information Modelling. The aim is to improve both productivity, through mass customisation, and the flow of information between phases and stakeholders in the projects, through the use of software and platforms, which also give the possibility of automation with processes such as Generative Design. The dissertation investigates the use of these technologies in the area of prefabrication in construction, focusing on the current implementation of configurators and the associated automation that could be derived from their use for the development of projects. Taking a hybrid prefabrication system (wood and concrete) currently used by CASAIS company as a case study, the research seeks to develop a framework that exploits the modular characteristics of these systems, especially in the design phase. It is in this phase where it is possible to take advantage of the limited number of parameters of the prefabricated elements in automating the generation of design proposals and in obtaining information related to KPIs, which would, in turn, allow a more objective feasibility analysis during this first phase of the project. The indicated solution is, firstly, the proposal of a methodology to develop a configurator applied to the case study, which uses tools and/or platforms, that are currently present in the market related to BIM and the construction industry. Then the dissertation continues with the specific development of the section of the methodology corresponding to the generation of the computational model, and for this purpose visual programming is used, taking as initial information the relevant parameters and data to be obtained that are typical of the prefabrication system studied. The research seeks to make a contribution to the current progress in terms of productivity and information flow that has been developed in the construction industry with the implementation of prefabrication and BIM. With the use of configurators, associated with these new technologies, an incursion into automation methods is proposed, especially in the project gestation phases through Generative Design. Thus, by making use of the mass customisation possibilities offered by prefabrication systems and the integration of nonprofessional agents, (taking advantage of the ease of use of the configurators), a more integrated design process and a more objective decision-making process can be achieved, since it is based on more accurate data related to the feasibility of the projects.

Abstract: Here we systematically investigate the CO2 and H2 activation and dissociation on small CunZn{0/+} (n=3-6) clusters using Density Functional Theory. We show that Cu6Zn is a superatom, displaying an increased HOMO-LUMO gap and is inert towards CO2 or H2 activation or dissociation. While other neutral clusters weakly activate CO2, the cationic clusters preferentially bind the CO2 in monodentate nonactivated way. Notably, Cu4Zn allows for the dissociation of activated CO2, whereas larger clusters destabilize all activated CO2 binding modes. Conversely, H2 dissociation is favored on all clusters examined, except for Cu6Zn. Cu3Zn+ and Cu4Zn, favor the formation of formate through the H2 dissociation pathway rather than CO2 dissociation. These findings suggest the potential of these clusters as synthetic targets and underscore their significance in the realm of CO2 hydrogenation. Resumen: En este estudio, llevamos a cabo una investigación sistemática sobre la activación y disociación del CO2 y H2 en pequeños clusters de CunZn{0/+} (n=3-6) utilizando la Teoría del Funcional de la Densidad. Demostramos que Cu6Zn es un superátomo, exhibiendo un aumento en la brecha HOMO-LUMO y es inerte ante la activación y disociación tanto del CO2 como del H2. Mientras que otros clusters neutros activan débilmente el CO2, los clusters catiónicos tienden a enlazar preferentemente el CO2 de manera monodentada no activada. Notablemente, Cu4Zn permite la disociación del CO2 activado, mientras que clusters más grandes desestabilizan todos los modos de enlace activados del CO2. Por otro lado, la disociación del H2 es favorecida en todos los clusters examinados, excepto para Cu6Zn. Cu3Zn+ y Cu4Zn favorecen la formación del ion formato a través de la ruta de disociación del H2 en lugar de la disociación del CO2. Estos hallazgos sugieren el potencial de estos clusters como objetivos sintéticos y subrayan su importancia en el ámbito de la hidrogenación del CO2.

Abstract: Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors in Palmer amaranth is a majorconcern, given the high selection pressure and increasing number of populations with reducedsensitivity to PPO herbicides in the US. We evaluated the effect of five soil-applied herbicides onPalmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats.) populations collected in 2014 and 2015 in Arkansas,USA. Soil-applied saflufenacil, sulfentrazone, and flumioxazin reduced the seedling emergence 91–100%; however, fomesafen and oxyfluorfen showed reduced (63–90%) efficacy on some populations.Target-site mutation (TSM) is the major mechanism of resistance to PPO herbicides; therefore, sixpopulations showing resistance to soil-applied fomesafen were selected for molecular investigations.A total of 81 survivors were genotyped for all known resistance-conferring mutations. A total of 64%and 36% survivors had single and double TSMs, respectively, with 69% of plants carrying TSM inboth alleles ofPPO2. Three survivors from two populations showed an additional copy ofPPO2,whereas all other survivors had one copy. Expression analysis showed 3- to 6-fold upregulation ofPPO2in all plants from resistant populations tested. Transgenic overexpression of WT-ApPPO2anddG210-Apppo2inA. thalianaconfirmed the reduced sensitivity to soil-applied fomesafen compared tothe wild type. Collectively, PPO inhibitors applied pre-emergence are still effective in controllingpopulations resistant to foliar-applied PPO herbicides. Mechanically, elevated expression of resistantPPO2, alongside functional TSM, contribute to reduced sensitivity to soilapplied fomesafen.

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce and numerically simulate a quantum field theoretical phenomenon called the gauge ``slingshot"" effect and study its production of gravitational waves. The effect occurs when a source, such as a magnetic monopole or a quark, crosses the boundary between the Coulomb and confining phases. The corresponding gauge field of the source, either electric or magnetic, gets confined into a flux tube stretching in the form of a string (cosmic or a QCD type) that attaches the source to the domain wall, separating the two phases. The string tension accelerates the source towards the wall as sort of a slingshot. The slingshot phenomenon is also exhibited by various sources of other co-dimensionality, such as cosmic strings confined by domain walls or vortices confined by Z_2 strings. Apart from the field-theoretic value, the slingshot effect has important cosmological implications, as it provides a distinct source for gravitational waves. The effect is expected to be generic in various standard model extensions, such as grand unification.

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