This dissertation analyses the impact of the Education for Peace programme in Colombia, drawing on evidence from one case study school. Called ‘Lectures on Peace’, this initiative is part of the Colombian government’s strategy to overcome the internal conflict that took place in the nation for more than fifty years, and which ended in 2016 with a peace agreement between the government and the guerrilla group FARC (English: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia). The data gathered in this case study comes from eleventh-grade students and teachers in a private school in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Students were questioned about their experiences and perceptions of the Lectures on Peace. The study attempted to understand the role of Education for Peace in the Colombian post-conflict era as well as the policy implementation regarding the Lectures on Peace and the impact on students’ future perspectives. The data was collected from questionnaires and interviews with both students and teachers, as well as documentary data from the Colombian government and the case study school. The findings from the qualitative data show that both the Colombian government and the case study school are seeking to enable students to move forward towards an active participation to peace by acquiring skills and values that lead them to promote a culture of peace. Quantitative data show that gender plays an important role in the perception that students can have of Education for Peace as well as its effect. The study highlights that the Education for Peace programme is having a significant impact in Colombia among all the parts involved in the process. The study also presents some challenges, especially those related to bring understanding of the conflict to individuals who have not directly experienced the terrible effects of the war. The empirical evidence in this study suggests that the lack of teacher training from the government is an important aspect that needs revision and substantial modifications. Likewise, a revision of the case study school operational plan is necessary to avoid the current lack of clarity for teachers in the way they have to operationalise the policy in practice. Resumen: Este trabajo analiza el impacto del programa de Educación para la Paz en Colombia, basándose en evidencia de una escuela secundaria. La iniciativa 'Cátedras de Paz' es parte de la estrategia del gobierno colombiano para superar el conflicto armado que afectó al país durante más de cincuenta años, y que terminó en 2016 con un acuerdo de paz entre el gobierno y las FARC. Los datos recopilados en este estudio de caso provienen de estudiantes y docentes de undécimo grado en un colegio de Bogotá, Colombia. El estudio intentó comprender el papel de la Educación para la Paz en el posconflicto colombiano, así como la implementación de políticas con respecto a las Cátedras de Paz y el impacto en las perspectivas futuras de los estudiantes. Los datos se obtuvieron de cuestionarios y entrevistas con estudiantes y maestros, así como de documentos del gobierno colombiano del colegio. Los hallazgos de los datos cualitativos muestran que tanto el gobierno colombiano como el colegio buscan fomentar una participación activa hacia la paz por parte de los estudiantes a través de la adquisición de habilidades y valores que los lleven a promover una cultura de paz. Los datos cuantitativos muestran que las perspectivas de género desempeñan un papel importante en la percepción que los estudiantes pueden tener de Educación para la Paz, así como su efecto. El estudio destaca que el programa Educación para la Paz está teniendo un impacto significativo en Colombia entre todas las partes involucradas en el proceso. El estudio también presenta algunos desafíos, especialmente aquellos relacionados con la comprensión del conflicto entre las personas que no han experimentado directamente los terribles efectos de la guerra. La evidencia empírica en este estudio sugiere que la falta de capacitación docente del gobierno es un aspecto importante que necesita revisión y modificaciones sustanciales. Así mismo, es necesaria una revisión del plan operativo del colegio para evitar la actual falta de claridad para los docentes en la forma en que aplican la política pública.

Global pharmaceutical companies (GPC) with significant representation in numerous countries, often face decision challenges to ensure strategic decisions are coherent with corporate and social values. While good pharmaceutical practice requires local standards to be considered or adopted to guide decision-making, an ethical posture further demands an assessment of external factors and potential company actions (beyond mere compliance) towards social benefit. Codes of ethics or mission statements have become mainstream across companies. However, there is no common standardized processes in place to carry out these important ethical deliberations. Based on a literature review of business ethics and pharmaceutical strategic management, this work analyzes ethical approaches in weighting decision options. The dilemma of whether or not there could be a standard application of ethical principles across different countries since they abide by different societal norms, is also considered. Herein, the discussion is inextricably linked to current pharmaceutical tactics for mature product development. Decision pathways supported by an ethical assessment and appraisal are analyzed using as an example a potential strategic switch from prescription to over the counter (Rx to OTC) status for a drug in different countries. Lastly, it is emphasized that this does not represent a moral judgement of current norms; the specific focus is on how the process could be improved for decision-making.

The focus of this this doctoral work is to study the intertextual relationship, in the narrative of the Colombian writer, Juan Gabriel Vásquez. In his narrative he explores and researches about the history of his country in order to inquire on the past and with it. He proposes new readings in relation to the official history, its uncertainties and the unveiling of secrets about some facts that defined the progress or regression of Colombia. Therefore, this research studies and analyzes this relationship from the transtextuality theory exposed by Gerard Genette to reflect deeply on the ideologies represented in the novels of this author, and the appearance of historical memory. As well as other types of narratives in which, own and others experiences appear, bringing unexpected elements to explore new studies. Juan Gabriel Vásquez weaves his novels from a combination of ideologies as politics, violence, the official history, and the cultural legacy, and the literary history of Colombia. He recreates meaningful events about Colombian history, supporting the scenic construction of the country, fragmented and separated into several periods of its development by the application of false ideas of growth and pacification, which have not occurred. The research contributes to the literary studies of the nation as well as to the Colombian writer, who is recognized in the literary international area little by little. Résumé: L’objet du présent travail doctoral porte sur la relation intertextuelle sous-jacente aux récits de l’écrivain colombien, Juan Gabriel Vásquez, qui s’informe et enquête sur l’histoire de son pays pour remonter le passé et, par-là, proposer de nouvelles lectures de l’histoire officielle, de ses incertitudes et de la révélation de secrets sur quelques-uns des faits qui ont marqué les avancées et les reculs de la Colombie. En conséquence, cette recherche étudie et analyse cette relation à partir de la transtextualité, catégorie théorique exposée par Gérard Genette, afin de raisonner en profondeur sur les idéologies représentées dans l’œuvre romanesque de cet auteur et sur l’affleurement de la mémoire historique, ainsi que sur d’autres récits autour desquels émergent des expériences propres et d’autrui, et même des éléments inattendus, susceptibles d’enclencher de nouvelles recherches. Juan Gabriel Vásquez ourdit ses romans à partir d’un amalgame d’idéologies comme la politique, la violence, l’histoire officielle, le legs culturel et l’histoire littéraire de la Colombie, ce avec quoi il recrée un devenir significatif et identitaire de l’histoire de la Colombie, contribuant ainsi à la construction scénique du pays, fragmentée et décomposée en plusieurs périodes de développement par l’application de fausses idées de croissance et de pacification qui n’ont jamais eu lieu. La recherche fournit un apport aux études littéraires de la Nation et sur l’écrivain colombien qui, peu à peu, est reconnu dans le domaine littéraire international. Resumen: El objeto de estudio del presente trabajo doctoral corresponde a la relación intertextual, inmersa en la narrativa del escritor colombiano, Juan Gabriel Vásquez, quien rastrea e investiga sobre la historia de su país para inquirir en el pasado y con ello, proponer nuevas lecturas en relación con la historia oficial, sus incertidumbres y el develamiento de secretos sobre algunos hechos que marcaron el progreso o retroceso de Colombia. Por tanto, esta investigación estudia y analiza dicha relación a partir de la transtextualidad, categoría teórica expuesta por Gérard Genette, con el fin de razonar a profundidad sobre las ideologías representadas en las novelas “oficiales” de este autor y el surgimiento de la memoria histórica, así como de otras narrativas en torno a las cuales emergen experiencias propias y ajenas, e incluso, elementos inesperados, susceptibles de originar nuevas investigaciones. Juan Gabriel Vásquez teje sus novelas a partir de una amalgama de ideologías como la política, la violencia, la historia oficial, el legado cultural y la historia literaria de Colombia, con lo cual recrea un devenir significativo e identitario de la historia colombiana, contribuyendo así, con la construcción escénica del país, fragmentada y descompuesta en varios de sus periodos de desarrollo por la aplicación de falsas ideas de crecimiento y pacificación, que no se ha dado. La investigación aporta enormemente a los estudios literarios de la nación y sobre el escritor colombiano, que poco a poco es reconocido en el ámbito literario internacional.

Historically urban design has been framed within time based paradigms based on conventional approaches to the city making process. These include major movements such as the rationalists and the empiricists, where the tension between abstraction and experienced learning processes was part of the discourse. Now, however, cities are facing multiple challenges based on megagrowth and rapid urbanisation - the ecological and spatial demands of hyper-modernity. One significant Japanese movement (Metabolism in the 1960s), started the exploration of how cities can be understood from a different perspective to traditional planning and design. Part of this new perspective was based on the idea that a city can be conceived as an evolutionary system based on ‘metabolic cycles?, i.e. able to grow and change through organic processes. Today through the evolution of computation and programming, ?parametric design thinking? has emerged as a powerful method to understand and drive urban growth and change in the 21st century. This research aims to explore the influence of parametric design as a new means to transform how cities can be conceived and shaped, and also as a method to avoid ‘the rational urbanisation and generic’ processes that major urban centres are facing through a new city making challenges. This design thesis posed the research question: Can parametric thinking transcend the conventions of mainstream urban design represented by ?transformative urban morphology? (Fraker 2007) to meet the challenge of hyper-modernity in cities of the 21st century? As part of the parametric approach, the design investigation was driven by two major inputs. The first was generated by the identification of important nodes (attractors), created by the conditions of the area and its possible relationship with the surrounded urban fabric. In this case, the first level of interaction was defined by the underground metro system; then by the definition of active frontages at street level; and then followed by the synergy of the pedestrian framework. The three basic levels of interaction generated the second input, a vertical relationship that can be expanded and continued as required. The generation of these elements allows major density to be controlled in the multiple nodes, managing the demand and supply of each different element in order to avoid the hyper-modern collisions currently seen in the densest parts of Tokyo. Taking the Yokohama waterfront as a case study, this project explored urban design from a parametric/transformative perspective. Parametric thinking was deployed in two different modes: design (form) exploration and the use of computational tools applicable to urban design and relative design processes. This process has led to an understanding of the city as a multilevel system, able to grow, responsive to complex direct and indirect forces. To control the over-production of elements in the city (hyper-modernity), parametric thinking can be applied by using live data tools to generate multiple design outcomes. This manipulation can be done through an evolutionary model that can purposefully address over-demand, at the same time can integrating and extending the dense points in the city. From an urban design perspective, it is important to recognise how this methodology can shape the urban fabric and the way that society consumes (understand) cities but also the influence of transformative architecture in urban design.

The purpose of the research is to identify how property attributes influence the income generated by properties listed in online marketplaces like Airbnb, aiming to explain what features are the most significant to provide income from a short-term lease strategy. Using a hedonic approach the study measures the effects of physical, locational, and reputation signals on the revenue generated by listing properties. The study uses a dataset of 6,028 properties in Medellin, Colombia as of 30 January 2019. The study provides evidence that intrinsic attributes, such as physical features and location, are the primary factor of influence on the Annual Revenue in a short-term lease strategy, with the type of accommodation the largest contributor to Income. Entire properties have a higher impact on the annual income in comparison with private rooms in shared properties, reflecting that the functionality as accommodation, like a hotel, are a valuable source to generate income in a short-term lease strategy. Apartments generate more income on average that houses, since they are usually located with the most desirable residential areas. Bedrooms, bathrooms and capacity are as expected, positively influencing the Annual Income. Location also influences Annual Income, being the proximity to the Night Life Cluster more relevant than the closeness to the Financial District Centre, reflecting that listing properties are more appreciated for tourist accommodation than as business accommodation. Quality and reputational signals, especially overall review, influences annual income, indicating the importance of reputation especially in first guests. Finally, the effects of competition in annual income are not significant. This analysis is useful for investors to identify the type of properties that generates higher revenues on Airbnb, and for hotels, competing with Airbnb properties, to understand what type private properties are more profitable in a short-term lease strategy. Resumen: El propósito de la investigación es identificar cómo los atributos de las propiedades influyen en el ingreso generado por estas en mercados en línea, como Airbnb, con el objetivo de explicar qué características son más significativas para la generación de ingresos en una estrategia de arrendamiento a corto plazo. Usando un método hedónico, el estudio mide los efectos de características físicas, ubicación, señales de reputación y competencia en los ingresos generados. El estudio utiliza una base de datos de 6,028 propiedades en Medellín, Colombia, al 30 de enero de 2019. El estudio proporciona evidencia de que los atributos intrínsecos, como son las características físicas y la ubicación, son el principal factor de influencia en los ingresos, siendo el tipo de alojamiento el mayor contribuyente. Los alojamientos completos tienen un mayor impacto en el ingreso anual en comparación con las habitaciones privadas, lo que refleja que la funcionalidad de alojamiento, tipo hotel, como fuente significativa en la generación ingresos. Los apartamentos generan más ingresos en promedio que las casas, ya que generalmente se ubican con las áreas residenciales más deseables. Un mayor número habitaciones, baños y capacidad influye positivamente en los ingresos anuales. La proximidad al mayor centro de vida nocturna es más relevante que la cercanía al distrito financiero, lo que refleja que las propiedades son más apreciadas para el alojamiento turístico que para el alojamiento de negocios. Las señales de calidad y reputación, especialmente la revisión general, influyen positivamente en los ingresos anuales, lo que indica la importancia de la reputación, especialmente en los clientes que utilizan por primera vez el servicio. Este análisis es útil para que los inversores identifiquen el tipo de propiedades que generan mayores ingresos en Airbnb, y para los hoteles que compiten con las propiedades en Airbnb, para comprender qué tipo de propiedades son más rentables en una estrategia de arrendamiento a corto plazo.

Homoscleromorpha sponges constitute one of the four Classes among Porifera. Their taxonomy and systematics are challenging due to the frequent absence of diagnostic characters. This Class is composed of only one order and two families distinguished by the presence of a skeleton in Plakinidae, and absence in Oscarellidae. These sponges are particularly well distributed in cryptic habitats like submarine caves considered as reservoirs of unknown biodiversity. Using an integrative approach based on morphology, cytology and genetics, the first objective of this thesis was to improve our knowledge on the biodiversity of Homoscleromorpha in submarine caves of three different maritime regions: the Mediterranean Sea, the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. New species represents 40% of the Homoscleromorpha collected in this study. This document presents 3 new species and one genus recently published, 11 other new species being currently under description. Another species was renamed and affiliated to the genus Plakina, being therefore the first sponge without skeleton of this genus. The new Aspiculophora genus described here is another example of a Plakinidae without skeleton, demonstrating that this character could be secondary lost or acquired during the evolution. Our results strongly support a redefinition of the two families of Homoscleromorpha. Our results represents a first grand overturn in the systematics of this group. A second objective of this thesis was to improve our knowledge on the chemical and microbial diversity of Homoscleromorpha but also its variability according to the environmental conditions. The analysis of a large number of samples belonging to both families provides preliminary data to address the question of the ecological success of Homoscleromorpha in submarine caves. Metabolomics and metabarcoding data defined patterns of chemical and microbial diversity according to different explicative variables like the taxonomy, the geographical origin or the ecology of the studied species. The patterns of diversity were supported by chemical and microbial markers and they explain a phylogenetic classification in few cases and a geographic origin in others. This study brings first insights into the understanding of the adaptive capacities of the Homoscleromorpha holobiont, through the expression of particular metabolites and/or microorganism. Resumen: Las esponjas Homoscleromorpha constituyen una de las grandes Clases de los Porifera. Su taxonomía y sistemática son particularmente difíciles debido a la frecuente falta de caracteres diagnósticos. Actualmente esta Clase reagrupa un solo orden y dos familias que se diferencian principalmente por la presencia de esqueleto en Plakinidae, ausente en Oscarellidae. Estas esponjas están particularmente bien distribuidas en ambientes crípticos como las cuevas submarinas, ecosistemas reconocidos recientemente como reservorio de biodiversidad. A partir de un enfoque integrativo basado en el estudio morfológico, citológico y genético, el primer objetivo de esta tesis era de contribuir al conocimiento de la biodiversidad de las Homoscleromorpha en las cuevas submarinas provenientes de diversas regiones oceánicas (Mar Mediterráneo, Mar Caribe y Océano Pacífico). Las especies nuevas representan el 40% de todas las especies colectadas durante el presente trabajo. Este documento presenta 3 especies nuevas y un género nuevo recientemente publicado, otras 11 especies nuevas se encuentran en avanzado estado de descripción. Una especie ha sido renombrada al género Plakina, convirtiéndose en la primera especie de este género sin esqueleto. El nuevo género Aspiculophora representa otro ejemplo de Plakinidae sin esqueleto, lo que demuestra que este carácter pudo haber sido adquirido o perdido secundariamente durante el curso de la evolución, e incentiva a una redefinición de las dos familias de Homoscleromorpha. Nuestros resultados, representan pues el primer cambio importante en la sistemática de este grupo El segundo gran objetivo de esta tesis era contribuir al conocimiento de la diversidad química y microbiana de este grupo de esponjas en relación a diferentes condiciones ecológicas. Gracias al gran número de individuos de ambas familias analizados durante este trabajo, nuestra ambición era aportar elementos claves para la comprensión del éxito ecológico de las Homoscleromorpha en las cuevas submarinas. Utilizando un enfoque metabolómico y de metabarcoding, identificamos inicialmente patrones de diversidad química y microbiana en función a diferentes variables como la taxonomía, el origen geográfico o la ecología de las especies estudiadas. Luego, el estudio de marcadores químicos y microbianos nos permitió explicar los patrones de diversidad, que en ciertos casos revelaron una señal filogenética, mientras que en otros el área geográfica influenció tales patrones. Esta parte de la tesis, esencialmente descriptiva es un pre-requisito indispensable para comprender la capacidad adaptativa del holobionte Homoscleromorpha, a partir de la expresión de metabolitos y/o microorganismos especializados, a la evolución en ecosistemas limitantes como las cuevas submarinas.

Digital.Bogotá :Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia,2023.Recurso en línea (2 páginas) : archivo de texto, PDF, 2.2 MB

Blanca de Tobar.Donación

Josefita de Rangel.Donación

Josefita de Rangel.Donación