One of the effects of the globalisation of our society is that people travel more covering longer distances, live far from their work place and consume goods from all around the world. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the transport of people and goods represents more than 25\% of the energy consumption and is one of the principal sources of pollution worldwide. Several efforts must be done to reduce the oil dependence, the energy consumption and the environmental impact of transport systems. In this perspective, the French Army (DGA) has designed and constructed the Electrical Chain Components Evaluation vehicle (ECCE). It is a mobile laboratory to evaluate under real conditions the electric components of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEVs) that reduce the energy consumption and the pollution emission of conventional vehicles. ECCE permits evaluating different energy sources such as batteries, fuel cells, internal combustion engines, ultracapacitors or flywheels. The ECCE project, nowadays in a second phase\footnote{The first phase of the ECCE project is explained in Chapter 1} is developed in joint cooperation with the FEMTO-ST laboratory of the University of Franche-Comté and two industrial partners, HELION and PANHARD General Defense. It aims to study the implementation, control and energy management of different hybrid sources. As a research developed along the second phase of the ECCE project, the principal objective of this thesis is to design, to implement and to evaluate an energy management supervision system in the ECCE HEV. This thesis proposes an original energy management strategy based on expert knowledge and type-2 fuzzy logic. The design of the fuzzy logic controller is done by using knowledge engineering. This technique allows extracting knowledge from several experts using surveys. The consideration of type-2 fuzzy logic systems enables modelling the uncertainty in the answers of the experts. This thesis presents a second application of type-2 fuzzy logic: the voltage regulation of a DC/DC power converter. The principal motivation for developing this application is that it is easier to implement in laboratory at a relatively low cost and it permits a viability evaluation of type-2 fuzzy logic before an implementation in the ECCE mobile laboratory. This is useful because one of the main challenges of this thesis is to reduce the time to experimentally validate the energy management system. This is required to respect the time schedule constraints and to reduce the costs associated to gather the partners of the project at PANHARD locations in Saint-Germain Laval.

Vectoring is a novel technology created to expand the capacity boundaries of Veryhigh- bit-rate DSL 2 (VDSL2) systems. It mitigates the reduction of data rate and reach in VDSL2 systems caused by the crosstalk interference that appears when multiple services share the telephone network’s infrastructure. However, the implementation of vectoring on real systems faces numerous challenges that limit its potential to enhance the data rate and reach of VDSL2 systems. Therefore, evaluating its performance in close-to-real scenarios considering different technological aspects has turned into an interesting field of research that also helps in the development of new and faster technologies. This thesis evaluates quantitatively the performance of vectoring on VDSL2 systems. It proposes the extension and parametrization of performance indicators to compare and measure the impact of six different aspects on vectoring systems: network topology, binder occupancy, background noise, channel estimation errors, complexity constraints, and precoding and canceling schemes. Their evaluation requires numerical results that are obtained through a simulation tool, which is designed and implemented as part of this thesis. The obtained results and the conducted analyses give concluding guidelines for the vectoring technology and can be taken into account by manufactures and service providers for the deployment of real systems. In addition, and as a result of the objective of providing an accurate evaluation that represents well the real systems’ performance, this thesis contributes with the statistical characterization of the Far-end Crosstalk (FEXT) in a 50-pair cable binder commonly used in Germany (DTAG-40) and constructs its stochastic model. The model and the results are verified through real systems measurements, reference documents of the Broadband Forum and existing literature. Thus, the simulation tool and the characterized channel model constitute a contribution for the evaluation of DSL systems that can be used in future works.