Abstract: Although the analysis of urban poverty has advanced towards the integration of objective and subjective approaches to assessing urban development, evaluation of quality of life in cities remains tied to a commodity framework which conceptualises it as the mere dotation of urban amenities. Multidimensional indicators of quality of life attempt to overcome this sort of restriction by considering broader informational spaces to assess well-being in cities. The capability approach has gone some way in addressing this as a multidimensional approach, however the interpretation of spatial phenomena has been absent from its application, meaning that the role of space in the configuration of urban poverty has been neglected. Drawing on cross-sectional data, this paper examines a multidimensional measure of urban poverty based on capabilities of young adults in Bogota in order to identify clusters of deprivation and affluence of well-being and determine levels of urban segregation based on this type of metric. The result is a spatialised index of capabilities that allow us to assess well-being from a perspective of socio-spatial differences. The findings support the importance of considering spatial patterning of capabilities in understanding poverty dynamics in cities. Spatialised capabilities may help to support urban policy design and promote greater understanding of spatial inequalities in cities.

Abstract: QoL studies conceptualise urban well-being as a multidimensional process that is influenced by personal and environmental factors. A much less explored field in QoL has to do with the notion of capabilities and functionings as measurements to evaluate the level of quality of life that people experience in cities. By investigating the young adults category, this article develops a measurement of QoL based on the normative framework of the Capability Approach (CA) to capture urban domains that affect quality of life in Bogota. This study introduces a quantitative methodology to use secondary aggregated data to build a QoL measurement based on capabilities. A nonlinear categorical principal component analysis was used to explore the underlying factor structure of a calibration sample (n=6,998). Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to validate identified factors, revealing a good fit (SRMR=0.033, CFI=0.910). The result is a Young Adult Capability Index (YACI) that empirically explores the use of capability achievements as a space for evaluating urban QoL in young adults. A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict YACI based on additional variables which are sensitive to inequality for young adults. Results show that capability scores are lower once young adults enter adulthood. Women arrive with better capabilities from childhood and adolescence than men, but rapidly undergo a marked process of decapitalisation of capabilities during their transition to adulthood, suggesting the need for more attention in the elaboration of public policies for this type of population.

Abstract: The rapid and ongoing process of urbanisation in Bogota has brought about significant socio-spatial segregation between city-dwellers. Such segregation is becoming increasingly complex as patterns of fragmentation are evolving towards a more ‘cellular’ differentiation between rich and poor –urban segregation which changes in terms of scale: from macro (neighbourhoods) to micro scales (blocks, streets). Urban segregation has been associated as a barrier for disadvantaged communities, especially when it becomes an intensifier of inequalities. Unequal access to services, availability of local employment, urban facilities, opportunities and supportive social relationships are examples of how segregation affects the distribution of quality of life, undermines attempts for social inclusion and, ultimately, creates unjust geographies. Alongside this context, public policy and measurements of quality of life have frequently overlooked spatial contexts of inequalities since a utility-based definition of well-being is often taken for granted. With the city of Bogota as a testing ground, this thesis analyses how and to what extent new patterns of urban segregation affect the distribution of capabilities and quality of life among young adults. Based on a capability place-based approach to wellbeing, this research will attempt to conceptualise urban quality of life, look at how patterns of urban segregation affect urban functionings, and quantify to what extent microsegregation explains differentials in capability achievement of quality of life among young adults in Bogota.

Abstract: South Africa remains one of the most unequal countries in the world. The current levels of inequality are the legacy of the segregation and marginalization of the vast majority of its citizenry in every aspect of South Africa’s socio- economic development before and during apartheid. Contemporary inequality literature is unambiguous about the fact that such extremely high levels of inequality are detrimental to a country’s development path and stifle a country’s potential in multiple dimensions (Wilkinson and Pickett 2010). In South Africa, poverty and inequality are often mentioned in the same breath. This elides over important conceptual differences between poverty (measured by incomes at a particular threshold) and inequality (measured by gaps between groups or individuals). Poverty is analysed as an individualized metric, the income level of a person or the level of a multi- dimensional index relative to an income or multidimensional poverty line (for a fuller discussion on poverty in South Africa see chapter 8 of this volume). On the other hand, inequality is a relational concept; one is more or less equal in relation to another (Tilly 1998). As such the analysis of poverty cannot necessarily explain the forces reproducing intergenerational inequality or poverty. Analysing inequality is better suited to unveiling the societal processes driving the provision and allocation of assets, and services and the determinants of well- being, and can better describe the forces reproducing intra-generational and intergenerational inequality. This is the task of this chapter.

Abstract: The Pulp Fruit Imports and commercialization from Colombia to Spain Business Plan is a project that aims to support the solution of 3 main challenges in Colombia (Organic food waste, Ex-warriors from peace accords signature returning to society trough farming opportunities and life quality improvement to current farmers) while needs from Spanish consumers are satisfied. This last ones, after the pandemic, increased their awareness of consuming responsibly, which means protect their health and the environment at the same time the want enjoy a convenient and natural drink to join their meals and that allows them to continue with their life rhythm. For that reason, Amazonas Eco offers a range of exotic fruits that are transformed into pulp fruit through a local strategic partner with Bio certifications, then transported to Spain to be sold through the customer's preferred channels. This business plan includes a bibliographical study that uses Colombian and Spanish available data from different authorities combined with a filed work survey conducted to Spanish consumers that was used afterwards to develop case of study of Marketing Analysis using Statistical tools such as Multiple regression and Conjoint Analysis. These both supported to define main market trends, STEEP and Porter Analysis and marketing strategy (Segmentation, Price, Placement and Promotion). Furthermore interviews were done to a current exported and producer of pulp fruit from Colombia and to and Spanish expert profesor in logistics, these last interviews supported to define business model, Operational model and Financial forecasts. The principal market trends are explained into 3 main categories: 1. Sourcing: Exports from Colombia to the EU in organic food grew from 2019 to 2020 by 35% (European Commission) meaning almost 28.000 additional tons per year. 2. Consumption: the imports of Spain for the frozen fruit market have an average annual growth between 2012 and 2016 of 7,5% jumping from 219.000 MUSD to 291.000 MUSD in those years. (Zambrano Achi and Pozo Burgos). 3. SOM: Initially Amazonas Eco will focus in Cataluña, therefore the market size is given by the population size and the average price and consumption of nectars and fresh juices and soft drinks. Combined the total expected market size would be 75 MEUR (“Últimos datos de consumo alimentario”). After defining a reachable scope in a SOM and Colombia's production capacity the company expects sales of 100 tons/year with an income of 1.2 MEUR. The Operational model is build under 3 main pillars: Farmers, Pulp fruit producer in Colombia, then imports to Spain followed by storage in a warehouse and distributed through a third part logistics service provider reaching Organic markets (preferred channel of main segment) and consumers. Financial model is done by identifying needed assets and operational expenses using marketing analysis to defined expected sales and required inventory. With this financial statements are build for 3 years followed by Net present Value exercise and break even point. This company will request 390,000 EUR of equity. According to the assumptions the NPV of the project is positive therefore, it is decided to go forward with it. The IRR is 15% meaning that NPV will be negative when the cost of capital is higher than this. Break Even point is reachable at 75.500 kg in one year keeping the cost structure. Statement of financial positioning, comprehensive income statement and cash flow statement are built under a conservative model with the assumptions given above where an organic growth is expected for this business holding positive income and cash flow since year 1.

Abstract: In recent years, breweries have had to adapt the way they use resources and manage the by-products of the production chain, such as organic and packaging waste. Likewise, they’ve needed to find a way to respond to the environmental pressures of the beer industry, such as energy and water usage as well as resource depletion. Several alternatives have been proposed to face these environmental burdens, one example is the application of Circular Economy principles in the production process. This research focuses on the supply chain-related challenges that small craft breweries face when they use circular or alternative raw materials in their production chain. This research seeks to understand the circular supply chain in the brewing industry by analysing three small European breweries. Data collection consisted of multiple sources, among which were interviews. The main goal is to identify the challenges faced by the companies that switched their production methods leaning toward circularity and to find a possible way to address them. The challenges will be analysed following the Circular Business Model and the Circular Supply Chain Theoretical Approaches. The contribution of this project is in terms of management decision-making for a circular supply chain in small businesses in the food industry.

Abstract: This dissertation explores the role that social enterprises can play in transforming the economy. The overemphasis on economic goals has undermined social and environmental objectives, causing many of the crises we face today. To address this situation, this paper brings together the bodies of literature on the circular economy, ecological economics and local economic development to provide strategies, proposals and insights for achieving such transformation, while analysing the definition of social enterprises and using the policies of economic restructuring as a framework to conclude that the role of social enterprises is to demonstrate that it is possible to reconcile these three dimensions into sustainable, attractive and profitable business models, and to inspire other actors in the economy to apply these sustainable practices and approaches until their widespread adoption becomes the new industry standard. Resumen: Esta disertación explora el papel que pueden desempeñar las empresas sociales en la transformación de la economía. El énfasis excesivo en los objetivos económicos ha socavado los objetivos sociales y medioambientales, causando muchas de las crisis a las que nos enfrentamos hoy en día. Para hacer frente a esta situación, este trabajo reúne la literatura sobre la economía circular, la economía ecológica y el desarrollo económico local con el fin de proporcionar estrategias, propuestas y puntos de vista para lograr dicha transformación, al tiempo que analiza la definición de las empresas sociales y utiliza las políticas de reestructuración económica como marco para concluir que el papel de las empresas sociales es demostrar que es posible conciliar estas tres dimensiones en modelos de negocio sostenibles, atractivos y rentables, e inspirar a otros actores de la economía para aplicar estas prácticas y enfoques sostenibles hasta que su adopción generalizada se convierta en el nuevo estándar de la industria.

Resumen: Las restricciones derivadas de la pandemia por el coronavirus 2019 instauraron un contexto prolongado de implementación forzosa de teletrabajo en diversas organizaciones e instituciones. El presente estudio examina el impacto ejercido por la intensidad en la adopción de dicho esquema laboral sobre la satisfacción de los colaboradores del sector de la educación superior. Para ello, se aplicó un instrumento transversal sobre una muestra de 154 colaboradores de una universidad colombiana, cuyos datos fueron analizados mediante un modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren la existencia de una asociación significativa entre las variables en cuestión. Se observa además que tanto los individuos mayores de 40 años como aquellos que cuentan con un lugar aislado para teletrabajar tienden a favorecer dicha relación. Abstract: The restrictions derived from the pandemic by the coronavirus 2019 created a prolonged context of forced implementations of telework in several organizations and institutions. This study examines the impact exerted by the intensity of the adoption of this work scheme on the satisfaction of employees in the higher education sector. To do this, the study applies a cross-sectional instrument to a sample of 154 employees of a Colombian university, and the data obtained was subsequently analyzed by structural equation modeling. Results suggest the existence of a significant association between the variables in question. It is also observed that both individuals over 40 years of age and those who have an isolated place to telework tend to favor this relationship.

Abstract: The affective commitment of a company’s members is usually influenced by the level of deepening of the socially responsible actions carried out by the corresponding company. The present work brings together the contributions derived from the in-depth analysis of the aforementioned causal link. It does so by focusing on a practical and managerial frame. In this sense, the study is based on a preliminary process of semi-systematic review and qualitative screening, which identifies the conclusions of relevant works in the academic literature regarding the relationship between corporate social responsibility and employees’ identification with their company. The work converges in a set of useful initiatives to comprehensively enrich the role of management, which seek to cultivate such relationship. In this way, the work uses relevant academic conclusions in the particular study field, and makes them available to the managerial practice in companies and organizations.