El Manifiesto del Partido Comunista fue redactado por encargo de la Liga Comunista en 1847, publicado y, no sin problemas, pocas semanas antes de la revolución de febrero de 1848. Su difusión, en principio reducida, se acrecentó con los años hasta aparecer como programa por excelencia del movimiento obrero europeo. En él sus autores, Karl Marx y Friedrich Engels, hacen una primera exposición de lo que, más adelante, desarrollado en todo su rigor complejidad, se vendría a denominar marxismo. Su apuesta es audaz: toda la historia de la sociedad humana ha sido, hasta la fecha,

Mensaje del presidente Rafael Reyes al Congreso de la República en el que solicita que se de prioridad a los proyectos de reforma fiscal y del tesoro público presentados por el gobierno nacional. En el documento hace un llamado para que se dejen de lado las diferencias políticas y se trabaje en función del bienestar del país.

The question addressed in this paper was whether a government, in a regime considered democratic, can legitimately curtail civil rights as a means of protecting public order and the sovereignty of the state. The second part of the question is what should be given priority when there is a tension between fundamental rights and the state’s duty to maintain public order. The case analyzed was the antiterrorism law passed in the Colombian Congress in December 2003. This law was one of the main strategies developed by Alvaro Uribe’s government on its first presidency period to fight terrorism. The purpose was to create a legal strategy to combat terrorism and to guarantee public order and the sovereignty of the state, which were constantly undermined by illegal armed groups. This case study reveals a tension between the government’s duty to maintain public order and individual rights – particularly the right to freedom, the right to privacy, and the right to habeas corpus. The tension in the antiterrorism law appears when the government limits first-rank rights as a means to combat acts of terrorism. In a country that faces an internal armed conflict that weakens democracy, the approval of the antiterrorism law gives too much authority to the government and jeopardizes fundamental rights and freedoms. Throughout the paper, the autor try to prove that the constraints on fundamental rights in such a scenario could result in an undermining of the constitutional regime and in the loss of democratic legitimacy.

Copia del discurso que pronunció el presidente Rafael Núñez, en el que critica a los rebeldes que se han opuesto a la Regeneración y anuncia que esta ha llegado a su fin. En el documento hace un llamado a la concordial, la unión y la tolerancia de los ciudadanos colombianos.

Impreso en el que se critica y responde a los escritos que han aparecido publicados en el periódico "El Monitor", de Popayán, cuyo director es Julio Arboleda, porque a juicio de quien escribe, se trata de una publicación de tendencias conservadoras, que critica la gestión gubernamental de los liberales y se resguarda en argumentos religiosos. El documento conserva la ortografía de la época.

This investigation seeks to compare the legal frameworks developed in the 1990-2010 period in Colombia, Peru and Mexico to prevent and tackle informal artisanal/small scale mining. It does so by assessing the impact on the levels of informality of: (i) the incentives provided to miners to operate within legality; and (ii) the mechanisms devised to compensate such miners’ disadvantageous position vis-à-vis large scale mining companies. For such assessment a thorough examination of the countries’ mining codes is carried out. Concurrently, information extracted from semi-structured interviews with experts and triangulated with secondary sources is used to evaluate the codes’ impact on informality. The analysis supports the hypothesis that simple inexpensive mine title acquisition procedures, granting long lasting property rights, as well as guaranteeing technical and financial assistance, are key drivers of formalization. The impact of such incentives is, however, more complex: firstly, as the Mexican case illustrates, the absence of incentives combined with strong police persecution, can reduce informal mining by rendering it an unattractive activity with no prospective of future formalization. Secondly, the Colombian and Peruvian case exemplify how entry barriers also encourage miners to create associations which, in turn, are able to better access information, can comply with formal requirements more easily and can play an important role in influencing policy design. Furthermore, considering the incentives of large scale companies also proved crucial to reduce informality, given that a significant share of mining areas are already under concession. This means that the number of mine titles informal miners could potentially obtain is limited. Therefore, as the Colombian and Peruvian case exemplify, formalizing is to a large degree dependent on the willingness of these companies to voluntarily engage in associative contracts with informal miners. However, so far none of the observed countries has managed to prompt strong alliances between small and large scale miners to fruitfully implement such collaborative models. With regard to the compensation mechanisms, this study supports the hypothesis that granting political voice to small scale miners is of utmost importance to guarantee that differentiated costs, procedures and requirements are contemplated in the law. All in all, such policies have been innocuous and even counterproductive when not accompanied by measures that enhance access to information as well as local bureaucratic competences. In a context of scarce local bureaucratic resources, promissory formalization schemes generate a demand for mine titles that surpasses mining authorities’ capacity and, thereby, potentially incites more informality and social unrest. As observed in Peru, in such cases formalization processes can, paradoxically, induce higher levels of informal mining. In light of these findings, the study recommends the partner institution -Transparency International- to: (i) support the implementation of informational campaigns that explain the benefits of operating in formality and of doing so by means of associating; (ii) encourage policy dialogue spaces in order to prompt mutual monitoring and align the different stakeholders’ incentives; (iii) support capacity building programs targeting local mining authorities; (iv) support monitoring mechanisms in the mine title distribution and contracting processes.

Estudio de títulos territoriales limítrofes entre Bolivia y Perú, realizado por el político y sociólogo Bautista Saavedra. A lo largo del documento ser recopilan de forma cronológica varios títulos y capitulaciones que permiten comprender la evolución de la delimitación limítrofe entre ambos países desde 1529 hasta 1802.

Documento en el que se reseñan las relaciones diplomáticas entre Inglaterra y Turquía, así como la ruptura de estas, desde la perspectiva diplomática de Sir Edward Cook. A lo largo del documento se ofrecen explicaciones de los agravios que a juicio del político inglés, cometió Turquía. Se ha asignado una fecha aproximada por carecer el impreso de una.

Constitución política de la República de Colombia, sancionada por el Congreso Constituyente en 1830. A lo largo del documento, que conserva la ortografía de la época, se hace referencia al la ocupación física del territorio nacional, la religión que se promulgará en el país, las personas que lo habitan, sus derechos y deberes, así como las obligaciones de las ramas de poder.