Abstract: The promotion of education as a human right became part of the discourse of international aid agencies and banks since the end of WWII. Consequently, studies of development have examined the conditions under which education becomes a driver of socio-economic progress under three theories: “modernization”, “human capital”, and “dependency”. Previous research has not agreed on the impact of education on inequalities and mainly adopted a quantitative approach. This dissertation implements a mixed-methods approach to examine context-specific variables in comparative education with the “dependency” theory. The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 generated great losses in human capital accumulation. In Latin America, one of the most unequal regions in the world, the impact of school disruption increased drop-out rates and forced governments to generate measures to mitigate learning losses. This dissertation examines through a comparative analysis to what extent remote learning policies implemented during COVID-19 reduced inequality gaps in Chile and Colombia, with a particular focus on secondary education. Moreover, as intervening variables, it selects two neoliberal characteristics: privatization and government intervention. Colombia and Chile implemented multimodal education policies during COVID-19. However, in Colombia, school closures lasted longer than in Chile. The PISA exam forecast of the World Bank also suggests that education inequality gaps in secondary education increased after the pandemic, with greater inequalities in Colombia. Moreover, the Gini coefficient shows that Colombia has been more unequal than Chile before and after COVID-19. Lastly, the analysis of the intervening variables shows that remote learning policies were unable to reduce inequalities and mainly favoured private institutions and urban areas. Finally, as part of the lessons, this research suggests that the neo-liberal characteristics of both countries marked a difference in the implementation of policies. Moreover, the lack of information incentivised the adoption of good practices that become suitable policy alternatives when adapted to local needs. Lastly, this research evidences the need for LAC to include technological tools in their education systems to respond to future crises.

Abstract: Latin America continued to experience social, economic and political turmoil in 2021. The vulnerabilities set by preexisting conditions such as persistent inequality, a high level of labour force participation in the informal economy, and exclusionary social protection systems have been exacerbated by recent health and humanitarian crises that are unprecedented in the region’s modern history. These crises have significantly affected socioeconomic indicators, reflected in the increased levels of vulnerability and poverty, combined with stagnant economic growth. Public sector responses have been made but have been insufficient to cushion the effect of these multiple crises and, in many cases, have revealed the extent of governments’ fiscal conservatism that limited the role of the state in providing adequate support to its citizens. The chapter explores efforts to tackle the effects of compounded deprivation in terms of spatial segregation, a pervasively high informal labour force, gendered and racialized vulnerabilities and the education crisis, and explores the options that governments in the region face in terms of reversing the adverse effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, while sustaining the economic recovery. In a context of polarized political participation, discontent will inevitably lead to contention and, in some cases, instability and violence, if the governments choose to ignore the need for a socially just recovery.

Abstract: Stochastic time series methods for load forecasting are the traditional methods used by electric power companies [1] because they can model seasonal and stochastic behavior of the load [2]. A load time series has patterns that repeat at different time scales such as daily, weekly or yearly. These patterns indicate that load can be predicted and the shortest seasonality component has the highest effect on the forecast. There might be conditions in which load is in different time resolutions, has a different amount of missing data or is under special events such as COVID-19 pandemic. Load forecasting methods should be able to perform well under these circumstances. On the other hand, neural networks are a wide research topic, they can learn [3] and have low forecasting errors [4]. In this work we explain the main characteristics of load demand in time, load forecasting and we compare stochas-tic time series methods with neural networks for load forecasting in terms of the error with respect to the real load. Resumen: Los métodos de series de tiempo estocásticos para pronósticos de carga son los métodos tradicionales usados por compañías de energía eléctrica [1] porque pueden modelar el comportamiento estocástico y estacional de la carga [2]. Una serie de tiempo de carga tiene patrones que se repiten en diferentes escalas de tiempo como diaria, semanal o anual. Estos patrones indican que la carga puede ser predicha y que el componente de estacionalidad más corto tiene el efecto más grande en el pronóstico. Pude que haya condiciones en las cuales la carga este en diferentes resoluciones de tiempo, tenga una diferente cantidad de datos faltantes o este bajo eventos especiales como la pandemia COVID-19. Los métodos de pronóstico de carga deberían ser capaces de llevarse a cabo bien bajo estas circunstancias. Por otra parte, las redes neuronales son un tema de investigación amplio, ellas pueden aprender [3] y tienen errores de pronóstico bajos [4]. En este trabajo explicamos las principales características de la demanda de carga en el tiempo, pronósticos de carga y comparamos métodos de serie de tiempo estocásticos con redes neuronales para pronósticos de carga en términos del error con respecto a la carga real. [1] H. Wang, B.-S. Li, X.-Y. Han, D.-L. Wang and H. Jin, "Study of Neural Networks for Electric Power Load Forecasting," Third International Symposium on Neural Networks - Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2006, Proceedings, Part II, pp. 1277-1283, 2006. [2] K. Berk, Modeling and Forecasting Electricity Demand, Siegen: Springer Spektrum, 2015. [3] H. Alfares and N. Mohammad, "Electric load forecasting: Literature survey and classification of methods," International Journal of Systems Science - IJSySc. 33, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 23-34, 2002. [4] M. Singh and R. Maini, "Various Electricity Load Forecasting Techniques with Pros and Cons," International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), vol. 8, pp. 220-229, 2020.

Este libro surge de las reflexiones de estudiantes del Doctorado en Gestión de la Universidad EAN e investigadores de diferentes grupos categorizados en Minciencias, preocupados por la situación que se esta atravezando en Colombia debido al virus del COVID-19 que cambió drásticamente la dinámica económica nacional y mundial.

No es coincidencia que los gobiernos de extrema derecha hayan promovido políticas de negacionismo en salud durante la pandemia de covid-19 o que hayan descalificado la lucha por la igualdad de género en sus países, dado que el campo de la salud pública es pionero en el debate por los derechos reproductivos, la igualdad de género y la emancipación sexual femenina. El artículo analiza el caso brasilero, explorando las posibles relaciones entre las agendas de política exterior, salud y genero, al oponer los gobiernos de centro-izquierda de Lula y Dilma, por un lado, y la extrema derecha de Bolsonaro, por el otro. También se analiza la política exterior de esta agenda en el ámbito del análisis externo que, durante la pandemia, resultó en el desmantelamiento de los arreglos regionales de salud pública en favor de una alianza global conservadora procloroquina.

La corte determino que el auxilio de conectividad digital para los trabajadores que devenguen hasta dos salarios minimos legales mensuales vigentes y desarrollen su labor en su domicilio se podra extender mas alla de la vigencia de la emergencia sanitari

La unificacion de la competencia para expedir los protocolos de seguridad se ajusta a los requisitos constitucionales de la medidas de excepcion en particular armoniza los principios unitario y de autonomia territorial que definen el modelo del estado c

La inversion obligatoria en titulos de deuda publica establecida como instrumento para ampliar las fuentes de liquidez que mitiguen el deterioro de las condiciones economicas y las consecuencias adversas generadas por la pandemia de covid19 configura una

Las medidas de emergencia adoptadas para garantizar el derecho al minimo vital de los dos grupos focalizados adultos mayores y trabajadores cesantes afectado por causa del aislamiento preventivo necesario para contener y mitigar la pandemia de covid19

La suspension del requisito de insinuacion de las donaciones superiores a cincuenta salarios minimos legales cumple los requisitos constitucionales formales y material es una medida que tiene relacion con la crisis sanitaria y social generada por la pand