Abstract: Not having an environmental liabilities regime in Colombia has created a complex contamination scenario that poses a risk to its biodiversity. Even if environmental authorities and the judiciary try their best to hold parties accountable and thus carry out the liabilities cleanup process, the lack of a binding regulation renders these efforts null and void. A solution to this complicated issue could be replicating in the Colombian context some of the provisions included in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act applicable in the United States. Resumen: No contar con un régimen de pasivos ambientales en Colombia ha creado un escenario de contaminación complejo que pone en riesgo su biodiversidad. Incluso si las autoridades ambientales y el poder judicial hacen todo lo posible para responsabilizar a las partes y así llevar a cabo el proceso de limpieza de pasivos, la falta de una regulación vinculante hace que estos esfuerzos sean nulos y sin efecto. Una solución a este complicado tema podría ser replicar en el contexto colombiano algunas de las disposiciones incluidas en la Ley de Respuesta, Compensación y Responsabilidad Ambiental Integral aplicable en Estados Unidos.

Resumen: Los ""interlocking directorates"" (directores interconectados) es un fenómeno que ocurre cuando dos o más empresas tienen uno o más directores que sirven en sus juntas directivas simultáneamente. Este es un tema ampliamente estudiado bajo las regulaciones de competencia desleal cuando estas empresas operan en la misma industria. Esta situación a menudo conduce a perturbaciones en la competencia en el mercado debido a prácticas colusivas entre las empresas interconectadas. Sin embargo, algunas jurisdicciones pasan por alto los desafíos corporativos asociados con las direcciones interconectadas entre empresas no competidoras. Tal es el caso de Colombia, donde el problema se ha abordado con menos énfasis en temas de gobierno corporativo en comparación con jurisdicciones como Estados Unidos e Israel. Consideraciones como la definición de ""independencia"" para abarcar presiones externas derivadas de conexiones personales y comerciales, el establecimiento de un sistema de nombramiento de directores que promueva la diversidad para mejorar las deliberaciones y la toma de decisiones de la junta, y, en general, reconocer las direcciones interconectadas como un fenómeno que agrega valor debido a factores como las conexiones sociales y el potencial de aprendizaje indirecto, quedan sin resolver en el gobierno corporativo colombiano. Este artículo aboga por una evaluación integral de las direcciones interconectadas, teniendo en cuenta los aspectos mencionados y explorando sinergias entre la competencia desleal y el gobierno corporativo. Para lograr esto, sugiere un estudio comparativo entre Estados Unidos, un sistema de derecho común con una estructura de capital tradicionalmente dispersa; Israel, caracterizado por un sistema legal mixto y una estructura de capital concentrada; y Colombia, una jurisdicción de derecho civil en transición de una estructura de capital concentrada hacia la dispersión de capital. Este análisis tiene como objetivo identificar ajustes regulatorios óptimos para cerrar la brecha en el gobierno corporativo asociada con las direcciones interconectadas en Colombia.

Abstract: This article examines the interaction effects of formal and informal institutions on intrapreneurship in developed and developing countries. We use a multilevel logistic regression technique and data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for the years 2014–2020 with information from 29 developed countries (237,053 observations) and 31 developing countries (177,201 observations). The main findings highlight that informal institutions (fear of failure and media attention) are more relevant than the social status of entrepreneurs as predictors of intrapreneurship, in both developed and developing countries. In addition, the moderation of economic freedom as a formal institution differs depending on the economic development context. In developed countries, economic freedom enhances to a greater extent the relationship between social status and intrapreneurship, as well as between media attention and intrapreneurship. These findings can be useful for the design of intrapreneurship policies in adapting their strategies to the specific institutional environment.

Abstract: A great portion of the cataclysmic variable population, between 40% and 70%, is predicted to be made up of period-bouncers, systems with degenerate donors that have evolved past the period minimum. However, due to their intrinsic faintness, only a few of these systems have been observed and confidently identified so far. We have searched for X-ray emission as proof of accretion in order to confirm period-bounce cataclysmic variables. In this study, we used data from XMM-Newton and eROSITA on a pilot sample of three period-bounce candidates with a magnetic white dwarf, which are expected to exhibit stronger X-ray emission than non-magnetic systems due to more efficient conversion of matter accretion onto the white dwarf. In a dedicated XMM-Newton observation of the period-bounce candidate SDSS J151415.65+074446.5 we discovered X-ray modulation at the binary orbital period confirming it as an accreting system. The X-ray light curve and the X-ray spectrum display characteristics of magnetic Polar-type systems, allowing us for the first time to determine the X-ray luminosity and mass accretion rate for this system. Catalog data from eROSITA on the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma satellite for V379 Vir and SDSS J125044.42+154957.4 enabled a first look into the X-ray behavior of period-bounce candidates with this new all-sky instrument. From the eROSITA measurements, the X-ray luminosity and mass accretion rate were determined for the first time for SDSS J125044.42+154957.4, and the earlier result for V379 Vir from XMM-Newton was confirmed. The three cataclysmic variables with a magnetic white dwarf and very low-mass donor studied in this work present evidence for X-ray emission at a similar level of Lx[erg/s] ? 10^29, which, together with the detection of X-ray orbital modulation in two of them (i.e., V379 Vir and SDSS J151415.65+074446.5), unambiguously proves the presence of accretion in these systems. The detection of these period-bouncers at faint X-ray luminosity levels with the all-sky X-ray survey eROSITA offers new prospects for the identification of additional period-bouncers, providing impetus for theoretical studies of binary evolution.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is involved in important biogeochemical reactions, such as the aerobic respiration of microbes, rock-weathering or contaminant degradation. The general view is that the deeper subsurface of continents is mostly anoxic. However, recent observations have shown that cracks in rocks can allow oxygen to reach deeper down, thus extending deeper the influence of oxygen in biogeochemical reactions. Here, we present a modeling framework validated with field data to understand and predict the hydrological and geological controls on DO evolution in silicate catchments, shedding new light on its influence on rock-weathering and microbial life in the continental subsurface. Resumen: El oxígeno disuelto (OD) interviene en importantes reacciones biogeoquímicas, como la respiración aeróbica de los microbios, la meteorización de las rocas o la degradación de contaminantes. La idea generalizada es que el subsuelo más profundo de los continentes es mayoritariamente anóxico. Sin embargo, observaciones recientes han demostrado que las grietas en las rocas pueden permitir que el oxígeno llegue a mayores profundidades, ampliando así la influencia del oxígeno en las reacciones biogeoquímicas. En este trabajo presentamos un marco de modelización validado con datos de campo para comprender y predecir los controles hidrológicos y geológicos sobre la evolución del OD en las cuencas de rocas silicatadas, mejorando así nuestra comprensión sobre su influencia en la meteorización de las rocas y la vida microbiana en el subsuelo continental.

Abstract: This thesis proposes an update to the NS-047 technical standard of the aqueduct and sewerage company of Bogota for storm drain design, introducing the comprehensive and modern UPC methodology. The research addresses the limitations of the current standard, emphasizing the importance of critical parameters such as flow depth and velocities for pedestrian and vehicle safety during storms. By considering a wide range of hydrologic and hydraulic factors, the UPC method provides a realistic representation of stormwater behavior and enables better system understanding and optimization. The adoption of UPC is expected to enhance stormwater management, promoting safety and sustainability in urban flood control. The application of the UPC methodology to a real-life case study, the CASU road project in Bogotá, demonstrates its effectiveness in optimizing storm drain design. The analysis identified areas for improvement, resulting in a revised approach with strategically located storm drains that effectively controlled runoff while reducing the number of structures. This optimization not only saves costs but also minimizes risks for road users. The comparison between EAAB and UPC methodologies highlights the superiority of the UPC method in terms of its comprehensive approach, graphical outputs, and ability to incorporate multiple roadways. To further improve storm drains designs, experimentation is recommended to determine capture coefficients for different structures, especially in low points critical for drainage efficiency and flood prevention. Obtaining accurate capture coefficients through real-world experiments will enhance the overall stormwater management performance and inform design decisions. By complementing the EAAB standard with the UPC methodology and conducting experimentation for capture coefficients, this research aims to provide a clearer, practical, and more effective storm drain design approach for infrastructure projects in Bogotá and other areas in Colombia.

Abstract: Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) may be implicated in the pathophysiological pathways associated with an unfavorable outcome after acute brain injury (ABI). Differences in vCSF protein expression over time were evaluated using linear models and selected for functional network analysis using the PANTHER and STRING databases. The primary exposure of interest was the type of brain injury (traumatic vs. nontraumatic), and the primary outcome was the vCSF expression of DAMPs. Secondary exposures of interest included the occurrence of intracranial pressure ?20 or ? 30 mm Hg during the 5 days post- ABI, intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, and neurological outcome (assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Score) at 3 months post-ICU discharge. Secondary outcomes included associations of these exposures with the vCSF expression of DAMPs. A network of 6 DAMPs (DAMP_trauma; protein-protein interaction [PPI] P= 0.04) was differentially expressed in patients with ABI of traumatic origin compared with those with nontraumatic ABI. ABI patients with intracranial pressure ?30 mm Hg differentially expressed a set of 38 DAMPS (DAMP_ICP30; PPI P< 0.001). Proteins in DAMP_ICP30 are involved in cellular proteolysis, complement pathway activation, and post-translational modifications. Specific patterns of vCSF DAMP expression differentiated between traumatic and nontraumatic types of ABI and were associated with increased episodes of severe intracranial hypertension. Resumen: Los patrones moleculares asociados al peligro (DAMP) pueden estar implicados en las vías fisiopatológicas asociadas con un resultado desfavorable después de una lesión cerebral aguda (LCA). Las diferencias en la expresión proteíca vCSF a lo largo del tiempo se evaluaron utilizando modelos lineales y se seleccionaron para el análisis de redes funcionales utilizando las bases de datos PANTHER y STRING. La principal exposición de interés fue el tipo de lesión cerebral (traumática versus no traumática), y el resultado primario fue la expresión de DAMP en vCSF. Las exposiciones secundarias de interés incluyeron la aparición de presión intracraneal ?20 o ? 30 mm Hg durante los 5 días posteriores a la LCA, mortalidad en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y resultado neurológico (evaluado mediante el Glasgow Outcome Score) 3 meses después del alta de la UCI. Una red de 6 DAMP (DAMP_trauma; interacción proteínaproteína [PPI] P = 0,04) se expresó diferencialmente en pacientes con LCA de origen traumático en comparación con aquellos con LCA no traumática. Los pacientes con ITB con presión intracraneal ?30 mm Hg expresaron diferencialmente un conjunto de 38 DAMPS (DAMP_ICP30; PPI P <0,001). Las proteínas en DAMP_ICP30 participan en la proteólisis celular, la activación de la vía del complemento y las modificaciones postraduccionales. Los patrones específicos de expresión de vCSF DAMP diferenciaron entre tipos de LCA traumática y no traumática y se asociaron con un aumento de episodios de hipertensión intracraneal severa.

Abstract: Effective stakeholder engagement is vital for sustainable water management in the Bogotá River Basin, which faces serious environmental and socio-economic challenges, including water scarcity, pollution, and inequitable distribution. Engaging diverse stakeholders can promote shared decisionmaking, identify common goals, and enhance the implementation of sustainable water gov- ernance strategies. Taking this into account, this research evaluates multi-stakeholder engagement in the Bogotá River Basin in Colombia over the past 30 years to promote sustainable water man- agement in the face of current global challenges. The research methodology includes a desk-based and systematic review, as well as policy analysis using descriptive and quantitative methods. With the use of MAXQDA software, we identified 74 national, regional, and local policies focused on stakeholder engagement for water management in Colombia, which were narrowed down to 22 documents for the Bogotá River Basin. The policy analysis is based on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) indicator for Principle 10 to self-assess the level of legal framework implementation and stakeholder engagement. The self-assessment pointed out that despite the strong legal background and the enhancement of stakeholder engagement via formal and informal participatory mechanisms in the first stages of policy-making, there is a lack of engagement in the evaluation and follow-up phases, leading to box-ticking mechanisms. The findings suggest that effective stakeholder engagement needs to be comprehensive in policy-making processes, especially in the evaluation and follow-up stages. Moreover, the river basin’s management can improve by making a clear disclosure about the outcomes of participatory processes. This research concludes that promoting shared decision-making, identifying common goals, and enhancing the implementation of sustainable water management strategies can greatly benefit the Bogotá River Basin. These efforts can lead to more effective and efficient use of water resources and ultimately contribute to a healthier and more sustainable environment.

Resumen: A sus 64 años, el reconocido arquitecto Le Corbusier decidió construir el Cabanon, una pequeña cabaña de 16m2 en la orilla del Mediterráneo, como un refugio apartado en el que pasaba sus vacaciones. Resulta intrigante que el arquitecto emblemático del ""movimiento moderno"", símbolo de progreso cultural y tecnológico basado en la ciencia e industrialización, optara, al final de su carrera, por apartarse de la vida ""moderna"" y las ""comodidades"" que ésta conlleva. Esta es la motivación para un análisis que se adentra en la evaluación de las condiciones de habitabilidad térmica de la estructura, junto con la implementación de estrategias bioclimáticas que logren prolongar el tiempo en el que ésta mantiene temperaturas interiores dentro de rangos considerados como confortables. Esta aproximación busca explorar el comportamiento térmico de arquitecturas icónicas y fomentar la reflexión sobre el concepto de la mínima habitabilidad en un contexto de crisis ambiental. Además, presenta la oportunidad de comparar las exigencias normativas españolas con los estándares de confort más actuales. La metodología implica simulaciones del comportamiento térmico a lo largo del año y la aplicación de los rangos de temperaturas confortables según las normativas CTE- DB-HE y EN 16798-1. En la medida en que el Cabanon sea capaz de ofrecer condiciones confortables desde el punto de vista térmico, podríamos cuestionarnos si la arquitectura y energía que demandan nuestras ciudades es un imperativo para proporcionar ambientes térmicamente habitables. ¿Es la reducción de un consumo inevitable e in- sostenible de energía la única vía hacia la sostenibilidad? ¿O es a partir de una arquitectura deconstruida, que elimina la dependencia de energía externa, como podemos acercarnos a estándares de vida contemporáneos? Los resultados revelan que, según la EN 16798-1, el Cabanon lograba proporcionar condiciones de confort térmico durante el 88% del tiempo del mes en que era habitado, y un 53% según el CTE-DB- HE. Mediante un análisis detallado del contexto y la aplicación de estrategias bioclimáticas, esta cabaña consigue extender el porcentaje a un 91% de todo el año dentro de la EN 16798-1 y un 60% en el rango CTE.DB.HE. Ofreciendo hasta un 25% más de horas de confort que una vivienda estándar que cumple con la normativa europea vigente en cuanto a ahorro energético. Esto confirma la utilidad del modelo adaptativo para elevar los límites de confort durante los meses cálidos y proporcionar una proyección precisa de la neutralidad térmica en edificios ventilados naturalmente. En contraste, la normativa española no provee esta precisión y sus exigencias conllevan al aumento de la demanda energética. El análisis del comportamiento térmico del Cabanon, además de ser un trabajo investigativo de arquitectura histórica, explora en qué medida la energía del entorno puede proveer condiciones que nos acerquen al confort térmico en la vivienda mediterránea. Partir de esta comprensión, ofrece un abordaje alternativo con fines proyectuales en el que se vuelve válido comenzar con lo mínimo para alcanzar lo máximo, en lugar de partir de lo máximo para lograr lo mínimo.

Abstract: The egg weight (EW) increases as the hen ages, but unfortunately, eggshell quality does not improve with increasing EW. Dietary changes can help control the increase EW, resulting in improved eggshell quality. This experiment aimed to deterMomine the effect of different digestive lysine (dLYS) levels on the production performance and eggshell quality of 82-87-week-old Lohmann Brown hens and identify the optimal level of dLYS intake to achieve an optimal production performance and the level of dLYS that can improve eggshell quality by modifying EW. A total of 240 Lohmann Brown hens were selected for the experiment (79-87 weeks). These were distributed in individual cages and 6 treatments with 40 replicates per treatment. The cages were divided into 40 blocks of 6 consecutive cages. In each block, the treatments were randomly distributed in the room. The treatments were 6 different diets with different dLYS levels (6.72, 6.40 (control diet (CON)), 6.08, 5.76, 5.44, 5.12 g/kg). The production performance and eggshell quality were evaluated, and the ideal dLYS was calculated by linear broken-line regression. Modifying dLYS levels from 6.08 to 5.12 g/kg decreased a hen day egg production (HDEP) by 4.4%, and reduced egg mass (EM) by 3.2 g/d. Adjusting dLYS levels from 5.44 to 5.12 g/kg reduced 2.2 g the egg weight (EW). Changing dLYS levels from 6.40 to 5.44 g/kg increased the average feed daily intake (ADFI) by 5 g. The different dLYS levels did not affect the feed conversion ratio (FCR), but it showed a tendency (P = 0.074). Eggshell quality attributes were not affected by different dLYS levels. The optimal dLYS intake requirement was 713, 646, 626, and 627 mg/b/d to achieve an optimal HDEP, EW, EM, and FCR respectively. In conclusion, the results of this experiment can help the laying hen industry to determine the optimal dLYS for managing EW increase, keeping a good HDEP, EM, FCR, and maintaining eggshell quality in long-life laying hens.