A theoretical approach is developed for finding the optimal age to remove an orchard (or plantation) to maximize net present value, after a disease attack. The model is a bioeconomic model that considers the effects of disease manage- ment on disease spread and the effect of the disease on yields. This provides an optimal disease management strategy and optimal rotation period. Our work makes an important contribution to the literature. To the best of our knowledge, no previous work has considered the simultaneous question of optimal disease management and replanting age when disease is present in perennial crops. An empirical application is presented for the case of pudricióndelcogollo, a lethal and contagious disease that threatens oil palm plantations in Colombia. The model could be applied to a wide range of perennial crop diseases.

Waste management is one of the growing problems in many highly populated cities around the world, and the amount of strategies designed to solve it has changed during the last decade. It passed from land filing to incineration and mechanical biotechnology; this quick change was partially induced by the threat that garbage is for the environment, and later on by the acceleration of climate change, since the public services industry was bound to comply with the emissions reduction targets. The newest technologies are being applied in Europe and North America, giving them a new way to face their waste issues. However, the industrialized States are not the only ones with these concerns, in the developing countries, it is a matter that is becoming an structural problem, because of the population growth and the dynamics of the capitalist practice; moreover, it is difficult to solve due to low budget or lack of knowledge on the topic. In Bogotá D.C, waste management became one of the most controversial topics due to the many problems presented during the implementation of the Zero-Waste program and the past administrative issues with the Landfill Doña Juana that led to many health and land predicaments for the population. As a consequence, this dissertation seeks to create a new strategy to fix the gaps of the original policy, by designing five time-limited specific objectives, a reform to the segregation strategy and proposing the construction Anaerobic Digestion plant as the best solution for the sustainable control of bio-waste. Therefore, this work will show throughout all the chapters the background of the waste management system, the new strategies to be taken into account by the local administration, the advantages of the AD technology and the possible financing channels for the renovation of the Basuras- Cero Policy. All the information above will be use to conclude, that for the case of Bogotá D.C, the use of bio-waste as a new energy source will strengthen the recycling industry (with the establishment of a better segregation system and the construction of and AD plant) reduce the amount of waste sent to Landfill and decrease GHG emissions; and even though it is a small step, it can become the foundation for fixing some weaknesses of the economic system and some social mores.

Abstract: Open Data is defined as digital data that is made available with the technical and legal characteristics necessary to be freely used, reused, and redistributed by anyone, anytime and anywhere. Examples of Open Data can be data on mobility or pollution, which an increasing number of cities are making available to citizens. In education, the novel field of Open Data has the potential of empowering a young generation with digital skills and critical thinking through work with real-life Open Data. However, the scarcity of methods and tools for skills development and insertion into educational designs reduces the possibility of achieving this potential. This study is part of the project ODECO, aimed at addressing challenges in the creation of Open Data ecosystems in several contexts, such as education. A systematic mapping review was conducted to uncover the research connections between Open Data education and educational games. Twenty-eight studies were identified and analysed through iterative searching and including keywords related to Gamification, Open Data and Education. In doing this, relevant themes and novel approaches in the current literature were found. This paper discusses how the fields of Open Data education and educational games methodologically and theoretically contribute to outline a game-based approach for Open Data in education. An Open Data Gamified Education Framework leads to authentic learning experiences for real-world problem solving in relation to eight actions: connecting classroom activities to real facts, empowering students to act with Open Data, supporting technical Open Data skills in the classroom, building literacy and developing skills, enhancing civic participation, creating more realistic and appealing narratives, extending teaching outside the classroom by collecting data in real time and local settings, and increasing engagement and motivation. Resumen: Los Datos Abiertos se definen como datos puestos a disposición con las características técnicas y legales necesarias para ser utilizados, reutilizados y redistribuidos libremente por cualquier persona, en cualquier momento y lugar. En educación, el campo de Datos Abiertos tiene el potencial de empoderar a una generación con habilidades digitales y pensamiento crítico a través del trabajo con Datos Abiertos de la vida real. Sin embargo, la escasez de métodos y herramientas para el desarrollo de competencias y su inserción en los diseños educativos reduce la posibilidad de alcanzar este potencial. Este estudio es parte del proyecto ODECO, cuyo objetivo es abordar los desafíos en la creación de ecosistemas de Datos Abiertos en varios contextos, como la educación. Se realizó una revisión sistemática para descubrir las conexiones de investigación entre la educación de datos abiertos y los juegos educativos. Veintiocho estudios fueron identificados y analizados mediante búsqueda iterativa e incluyendo palabras clave relacionadas con Gamificación, Datos Abiertos y Educación. Por lo cual se encontraron temas relevantes y enfoques novedosos en la literatura actual. Este artículo analiza cómo los campos de Datos Abiertos en educación y los juegos educativos contribuyen metodológica y teóricamente a delinear un enfoque basado en juegos para los Datos Abiertos en educación. Un Marco de Educación Gamificada de Datos Abiertos conduce a experiencias de aprendizaje auténticas para la resolución de problemas del mundo real en relación con ocho acciones: conectando las actividades del aula con hechos reales, capacitando a los estudiantes para actuar con Datos Abiertos, apoyando las habilidades técnicas de Datos Abiertos en el aula, construyendo alfabetización y desarrollando habilidades, mejorando la participación cívica, creando narrativas más realistas y atractivas, extendiendo la enseñanza fuera del aula mediante la recopilación de datos en tiempo real y en entornos locales, y aumentando el compromiso y la motivación.

Abstract: BIM and Virtual Reality (VR) are technologies that aim to revolutionise the AEC industry, minimizing variations, replicating complex tasks, enhancing visualisation of objects, better coordination with stakeholders, and as an alternative training tool. However, they have multiple limitations that deter a successful implementation in the AEC sector, requiring high technical skills to be developed, complex processes, and expensive resources that do not satisfy their current needs. Therefore, this research aims to create a game-like simulation between BIM and VR to train people in pile construction activities, addressing the limitations about industry adoption to implement it as a feasible product. The objectives of this thesis are: I. Develop a methodological framework to replicate similar prototypes like the one developed, II. Create a BIM and VR application using decision tree scenarios to train people around piling procedures, III. Validate the prototype through online surveys to verify its usability, feasibility, and improvements. A complex simulation using multiple software was created to teach about the required elements for piling construction, being supported through cinematics to show different construction stages of the survey, logistics, site camp, drilling excavation, and concrete & rebar activities. Participants agreed that the Pile Training Module (PTM) delivers an enhanced training experience about complex concepts, highlighting its potential of replicating variable conditions of a real site. With this module, it was demonstrated that high levels of expertise and costs are no longer limitations for a meaningful VR and BIM application, representing a starting point for future prototypes that aim to become a real application for the AEC industry and academy.

Abstract: The publications on the Multi-Objective Flexible Job-shop Scheduling Problem (MOFJSP) usually aim at optimizing a combination of classical criteria not related to due dates, i.e. makespan, maximum workload and total workload, whose primary goal is to optimize the utilization of the machines. We propose a general approach for solving efficiently the MOFJSP, which aims at determining the Pareto front for multiple regular criteria. Optimizing regular criteria is relevant for improving the competitiveness of firms, since they can take into account cycle times, due dates and customer service through weights that can be given to jobs with different priority. Our approach uses a fast estimation function and an iterative local search in which a criterion to minimize is randomly selected at each move. Numerical experiments are conducted on test instances of the literature to minimize simultaneously the makespan, the maximum tardiness, the total tardiness and the total number of tardy jobs. The results show that, our approach provides a set of non-dominated solutions that is close to the Pareto front. Resumen: Las publicaciones sobre el Problema de Programación de Job-shop Flexible (MOFJSP) usualmente apuntan a optimizar una combinación de criterios clásicos no relacionados con fechas de vencimiento, como por ejemplo, makespan, carga de trabajo máxima y carga de trabajo total, cuyo objetivo principal es optimizar la utilización de la Máquinas. Este artículo propone un enfoque general para resolver eficientemente el MOFJSP, que tiene como objetivo determinar el frente de Pareto para múltiples criterios regulares. La optimización de criterios regulares es relevante para mejorar la competitividad de las empresas, ya que pueden tener en cuenta los tiempos de ciclo, las fechas de vencimiento y el servicio al cliente a través de pesos que se pueden dar a los trabajos con diferentes prioridades. El enfoque utiliza una función de estimación rápida y una búsqueda local iterativa en la que un criterio para minimizar se selecciona al azar en cada movimiento. Los experimentos numéricos se llevan a cabo en instancias de prueba de la literatura para minimizar al mismo tiempo el makespan, la tardanza máxima, la tardanza total y el número total de trabajos tardíos. Los resultados muestran que, nuestro enfoque proporciona un conjunto de soluciones no dominadas que está cerca del frente de Pareto.

Álbum regalado a Isabel Cowan que contiene escritos, en prosa y verso, dedicados a ella.

Documento publicado por Manuel María Zaldúa en el que denuncia que ha sido víctima de sapismo judicial en el caso de unas ventas de dos haciendas en 1863. El documento conserva la ortografía de la época

Poema que el escritor cartagenero Manuel María Madiedo escribe para elogiar la vida y obra política de José María del Castillo y Rada, luego de su fallecimiento.

Documento en el que el general uruguayo Francisco Urdaneta, se defiende de las acusaciones que la Cámara de representantes de la Nueva Granada formula en su contra. A lo largo del documento, que conserva la ortografía de la época, Urdaneta responde a varias de las acusaciones que se le formulan, declara a la Nueva Granada como su patria adoptiva y ofrece una pequeña biografía de él mismo para legitimar su postura.

Documento de autoría de Francisco Urdaneta en el que responde a las injurias que en su contra han forumulado sus contenedores políticos, en especial el coronel Salvador Córdova, contra quien batalló en 1828 en Antioquia.