Abstract: Every year, thousands are selectively killed and displaced in social cleansing campaigns in Colombia announced in publicly-posted pamphlets. Also known as the “black hand”, the selective killings have become a hallmark of the country’s poorest neighborhoods. Often perpetrated by neighbors, under the auspices of paramilitary groups and with the complicity or even participation of local police, these murders are touted as the necessary procedures of order in places where official justice cannot reach. Drug users, petty criminals, LGBTQ folk and especially trans women, are the preeminent targets of such campaigns. Already largely labeled as deviant or marginal, those whose lives are threatened and who dare make official complaints are dismissed by those institutions tasked with their safety. Purgare invites a consideration of social cleansing not from the perspective of the violence of its perpetrators, but through those who stand in resistance against it. This project accompanies a group of trans women who, faced with the extra-legal and legal dismissal of their lives, take recourse to magic to protect themselves and to reassert a modicum of agency. Bringing together photojournalism, anthropology, and artistic representation, the series and essay inhabits the magically real space created by these women, illuminating the powers they conjure in the worlds they create. Purgare stages the journeys of transformation crafted by these self-styled witches through their manipulations of plants and energies to forge lasting and powerful connections between new peoples and novel worlds. Purgare is imagined between disciplines and knowledges in an effort to expand the bounds of story-telling traditionally produced about violence. It builds a space in which those who struggle against structural violence can meet to create new representations of themselves and together weave novel images of power and possibility. Based on the stories of Stefania Grajales, Paola Caicedo and Catalina Lozano.

The main Topic of this dissertation is to critically analyze the obligations of States’ parties to the TRIPS Agreement in relation to the extent of protection that they are bound to confer on first and second medical use patents. In this sense, the Viagra case illustrates the tensions between the national pharmaceutical industries of the States members of the Andean Community and a leading pharmaceutical company like Pfizer. The dissertation pretends to demonstrate that the decisions taken by the authorities in the Andean Region were consistent with the international minimum standards of IPRs as embodied in the TRIPS Agreement. The Viagra case is the most important series of administrative and judicial decisions concerning first and second use patents in the Andean region. It is composed of the administrative rulings of the member States national authorities of the Andean Community, by the administrative rulings of the Andean Community Secretariat and by the judicial decisions of the Andean Tribunal of Justice. This case was elected as the topic of the dissertation because it doesn’t follow the international trend to expand the levels of patent protection, which has occurred in two ways. First, the scope of patentable subject- matter has been given an inclusive interpretation. Secondly, the restrictions on patentability have been narrowly interpreted.

Impreso que reproduce un homenaje póstumo que Juan C. Camacho hace a Daniel Manrique luego de su muerte. En el documento se elogia a Manrique pos su amistad y capacidad de trabajo.

Abstract: Undocumented immigrants face different difficulties and barriers in order to access the health care system. Even when they get to access medical care, they face situations of xenophobia, discrimination and the fear towards their legal status can affect their experience and can have an impact in the continuity and success of their treatments. In a context of migration emergencies in both the United States and Colombia, immigration measures and policies have directly impacted the health outcomes of undocumented immigrants, creating a situation of a structural health injustice. This thesis argues that advocacy is a way in which physicians can successfully contribute to document, address and tackle this injustice and improve the lives and health of undocumented immigrants. This thesis defends physician advocacy by arguing that: i) Advocacy actions are connected and grounded in the legitimate goals of medicine and their contemporary reinterpretation. In this line, advocacy can be an effective way to promote health justice and contribute to restore the trust that undocumented immigrants have lost in doctors; ii) advocacy actions are an effective way in which physicians can take advantage of their unique position based on their historical social privilege and the access they have to undocumented immigrants ́ health. Furthermore, to show how physicians can advocate for the health of undocumented immigrants, using their knowledge and expertise, this work analyses the case of: i) Sanctuary Doctoring, ii) Physicians for Human Rights and iii) Profamilia-Colombia. Resumen: Los migrantes indocumentados enfrentan diferentes dificultades y barreras para acceder al sistema de salud. Incluso cuando llegan a acceder a la atención médica, se enfrentan a situaciones de xenofobia, discriminación y el miedo a su estatus legal puede afectar su experiencia y puede repercutir en la continuidad y el éxito de sus tratamientos. En un contexto de emergencias migratorias tanto en Estados Unidos como en Colombia, las medidas y políticas migratorias han impactado directamente los resultados de salud de los migrantes indocumentados, creando una situación de injusticia estructural en salud. Esta tesis sostiene que la incidencia o el activismo por parte de los médicos es una forma en la que estos pueden contribuir con éxito a documentar, abordar y retar esta injusticia y mejorar la vida y la salud de esta población. Esta tesis defiende la incidencia y el activismo por parte de los médicos argumentando que: i) Las acciones de incidencia están conectadas y basadas en los objetivos legítimos de la medicina y su reinterpretación contemporánea. En esta línea, la incidencia puede ser una forma eficaz de promover la justicia en salud y contribuir a restablecer la confianza que los migrantes indocumentados han perdido en los médicos; ii) las acciones de incidencia son una forma efectiva en la que los médicos pueden aprovechar su posición única en función de su privilegio social histórico y el acceso que tienen a la salud de los migrantes. Además, para mostrar cómo los médicos pueden abogar por la salud de los inmigrantes indocumentados, utilizando sus conocimientos y experiencia, este trabajo analiza el caso de: i) el modelo santuario de la medicina, ii) la organización Médicos por los Derechos Humanos y iii) Profamilia-Colombia.

Compilación de materiales relacionados con las memorias de exploradores europeos que estuvieron en territorios americanos durante el siglo XVI. Las memorias están ilustradas por treinta y dos mapas y planos tomados como botín por los ingleses durante la última guerra contra España. De Colombia, destacan los planos de La Guajira, Santa Marta, Cartagena y el Darien. Adicionalmente, se incluyó un índice alfabetico de los territorios reseñados. Finalmente, el autor de este volumen figura en la portada como geógrafo oficial de la realeza inglesa.

Abstract: The A Dos Music Project is a Latin American music clarinet duet founded by professional clarinetists Ivan Valbuena and Luz Sarmiento, a Colombian couple who have been expanding the horizons of Latin music by performing traditional music with a nonconventional instrumentation and demanding arrangements. By combining the technical and artistic possibilities of the clarinet with the fresh and unique sound of Latin rhythms, A Dos Music Project displays a virtuosic, improvisatory, and innovative manner of performance that reaches all kinds of audiences. The ensemble’s mission is educational development and the promotion of music and art as a means of social transformation. This clarinet duet strives to engage new generations of audiences through interactive concerts and workshops designed to inspire young musicians in disadvantaged areas of the world, including refugee camps in Sweden and Germany and El Sistema1 -inspired programs in the US and Latin America. This initiative was inspired by the important role of the clarinet in Colombian folk music and the deep influence that this music had on the artistic development of the musicians of the ensemble. The virtuosic features and flexibility of the clarinet allow the players to perform Colombian and Latin American music with a reduced instrumentation of just two clarinets. The complexity of the rhythms and colors of the Latin Music are explored in advanced and demanding arrangements and compositions, featuring the technical and musical capabilities of the instrument. As teaching artists, the members of A Dos Music Project (ADMP) look to integrate their art and skills into a wide range of settings while engaging their audiences in learning experiences. This purpose led them to develop a workshop designed to provide young musicians with the opportunity to interact with a piece of music by using their body. By creating muscular sensations and allowing an interior perception of the sound, rhythm, and form, young musicians can improve their hearing and consequently their playing. The use of body percussion plays an important role in the development of the ADMP workshop since it makes a direct connection between the particular characteristics of Latin music and the learning experience. The A Dos Music Project National Tour was an innovative and ambitious community outreach music initiative undertaken by the clarinet duet A Dos Music Project during the month of July 2017. The tour sought to achieve the following objectives: - To introduce isolated communities to the benefits of the artistic education and music making as a transformative experience through the performances and life testimony of the members of A Dos Music Project. - To provide under-served music programs with musical knowledge and performances skills at a high level. - To improve self-esteem and self-perception to help the students to achieve their full potential. - To stimulate physical, mental, and socioaffective areas in the human being through the use of bodily exercises in the classroom. -To facilitate musical knowing and the development of rhythmic skills through the practice of body percussion. - To promote the performance of Colombian traditional music in nonconventional settings with advanced technical resources. The A Dos Music Project visited 12 cities in the Andean, Pacific, Amazonian, and Caribbean regions of Colombia, offering workshops, masterclasses, private lessons, lectures, and interactive concerts to communities of local music programs with social missions. The main activity offered by ADMP was a workshop designed to combine traditional music arranged for two clarinets and body percussion patterns specifically designed to emulate the percussion section of the traditional genres of the porro and the pasillo. The tour took place from July 6 to 29, 2017, and reached around 450 children and youth from 14 different music programs with great needs.

Plano manuscrito de Port Lovis trazado por el Vicealmirante y topógrafo de la marina real británica Philip Durell quien participó en diversas misiones para la corona inglesa; en 1739 sirvió a bordo de la flota de Sir Edward Vernon durante su campaña contra los españoles en el Caribe de las indias occidentales, el marco de la guerra del Asiento (1739-1748). El presente mapa contiene rosa de los vientos, indica relieve costero, distancias y profundidades, en la parte superior derecha contiene una ilustración representando el fuerte del puerto. Escala expresada cada tres millas.

This work constitutes an inquiry into the field of memory studies. Through the presentation and the analysis of a particular case study I will provide an insight to some approaches to address the field. To begin with a general background of the case study will be presented to fully understand its social, historical and cultural connotation, and then I introduce the dynamic of how this work will be developed from this point. Finally this research concludes with some recommendations about the concepts previously developed.

Impreso en el que Tiburcio Ramírez hace públicas las irregularidades del proceso de préstamo del Banco de la Unión. El autor del documento señala que el Secretario de Guerra y Marina de Colombia ha obrado de mala fe y lo ha engañado para lucrarce de forma ilícita. El documento conserva la ortografía de la época.

Abstract: Climate change poses great challenges to modern societies, central amongst which is to decouple human need satisfaction from energy use. Energy systems are the main source of greenhouse gas emissions, and the services provided by energy (such as heating, power, transport and lighting) are vital to support human development. To address this challenge, we advocate for a eudaimonic need-centred understanding of human well-being, as opposed to hedonic subjective views of well-being. We also argue for a shift in the way we analyse energy demand, from energy throughput to energy services. By adopting these perspectives on either end of the wellbeing-energy spectrum, a “double decoupling” potential can be uncovered. We present a novel analytic framework and showcase several methodological approaches for analysing the relationship between, and decoupling of, energy services and human needs. We conclude by proposing future directions of research in this area based on the analytic framework. Resumen: El cambio climático plantea grandes retos para las sociedades modernas, entre los cuales es de central importancia desacoplar la satisfacción de necesidades humanas de luso de la energía. Los sistemas energéticos son la mayor fuente de emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, y los servicios provistos por la energía (como calentamiento, fuerza, movilidad e iluminación) son vitales para el desarrollo humano. Para abordar este reto, abogamos por un entendimiento de bienestar humano eudamónico centrado en necesidades, contrario a posiciones hedónicas subjetivas de bienestar. También argumentamos en favor de un cambio en la manera como analizamos la demanda energética, pasando de energía final a servicios energéticos. Por medio de la adopción de estas perspectivas a ambos lados del espectro energía-bienestar, se descubre un potencial de “doble desacoplamiento”. Presentamos un marco teórico original al igual que varias aproximaciones metodológicas para analizar la relación entre (y el desacoplamiento de) servicios energéticos y necesidades humanas. Concluimos proponiendo futuras avenidas de investigación en esta área, basadas en este marco teórico.