The following study aimed to establish the social and political factors involved in the extreme poverty suffered by most of forcefully displaced persons in Colombia. To do so, a conscientious research was made and a survey was conducted. In addition, it was demonstrated that forced displacement is a strategy used by every violent actor of the internal conflict in Colombia, intended for impose their particular regimes based on violence and inequality. Moreover, was also established the relevance that in conflict has had the unfinished construction of the Colombian state, as well as the key role that has its differentiated presence throughout national territory and its co-opted reconfiguration by legal and illegal actors.Then, it was also shown that poverty goes beyond the economic aspect and involves, specifically for the case of IDPs (Internal Displaced Populations), phenomena such as uprooting, revictimization and social exclusion. Above, remarking the multidimensional character of poverty studied from the Capability Approach (CA) introduced by Amartya Sen and, the central importance that integral measures of it have to acquire a veridical picture of poverty suffered by victims of violence, specifically IDPs.Finally, a case study was carried out in the municipality with the highest number of IDPs in the country after the city of Bogotá, called Soacha. To do so, a survey applied to persons included in the most important program to tackle poverty in the country was conducted, and the role that local authorities have addressing this matter was analyzed; to conclude with a set of policy recommendations.

La finca ecoturística "El Descanso" es un plan de negocio creado y planificado en el 2017 destinado a realizarse en el municipio de Carmen de Apicalá (Tolima). El Descanso buscara proveer a sus clientes una experiencia natural, novedosa y creativa donde predomine el buen servicio, acompañado de un excelente ambiente campestre y prácticas que van en pro de la salud, del aprovechamiento de los ecosistemas de la región, bajo un alto grado de responsabilidad social. Los huéspedes de la finca eco-turística tendrán el privilegio de contar con un portafolio variado de actividades, lo cual es un plus muy importante al considerar que hay diferentes gustos y edades. Entre las principales actividades que podrá ofrecer se encuentra el Spa con masajes con minerales, e hidroterapia Jacuzzis de relajación), también se contará con cabalgatas, caminatas ecológicas, visita al Parque Nacional del Agua aprovechando su cercanía y la alianza comercial. Es importante mencionar que habrá un acompañamiento personalizado debidamente capacitado para que la estadía de los huéspedes sea lo más placentera posible. Se optará por contratar personal del municipio de Carmen de Apicalá a fin de fomentar el progreso del municipio.

In order to improve the work environment, organizations have seen the need to create a prevention plan through training, business meetings, etc; thus creating the need to have a place that gives them a space to rest, relax and enjoy nature; This is how the business idea of implementing a country hotel with these characteristics arises. likewise, it happens in educational institutions who schedule trips for their students with the intention of changing their routine and interacting in pleasant spaces. Taking into account the new trend of alternative tourism, and the rapid growth and reception that ecotourism has had, led to study the feasibility of implementing the Hotel Campestre Bello Horizonte, in the municipality of Carmen de Apicala, near Bogota where the target market and its warm climate, is an excellent project that will benefit the business sector, since they can develop there dynamic and spaces for recreation, integration, communication. In a similar way it will benefit the schools with programmed passages and tourists in general who prefer to follow the new trend, "green tourism"

El propósito de este informe de aplicación es formular recomendaciones o planes de cambio a la Corporación de la Industria Aeronáutica Colombiana (CIAC), llamando la atención sobre una oportunidad de inversión estratégica a la alta dirección, bajo control de la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana y, en particular, a su Gerente General (CEO), el General (RA) Flavio Enrique Ulloa. La oportunidad de inversión corresponde al desarrollo tecnológico y comercial de una invención patentada por el profesor Franc;ois Aubourg PhD: la turbina SMAPAD y su implementación práctica a una aeronave tipo aerogiro, con aplicaciones militares y civiles. Este informe busca poder aclarar la toma de decisiones por parte de la alta dirección de la CIAC; en cuanto a la viabilidad del presente proyecto, exponiendo las condiciones necesarias y suficientes pata que se pueda siquiera considerar el proyecto de inversión, bajo un escenario de VPN positivo y un nivel de riesgo aceptable para los inversionistas. Esta viabilidad combina tanto la gestión estratégica como la evaluación financiera preliminar de un proyecto de inversión sobre la base de información confidencial y de alto valor, cuya profundización en una segunda etapa justamente debería ser el resultado directo de una comprensión adecuada de la oportunidad que se ofrece a la CIAC.

La aplicación de las leyes 1581 de 2015 y 1712 de 2014 en la ejecución de los contratos estatales, por medio de los cuales se desarrollan las iniciativas o proyectos de telecomunicaciones sociales, llegaría a que se presentara un conflicto entre el derecho fundamental de la intimidad y el derecho fundamental a acceder a la información que poseen las entidades estatales, porque la información recolectada podría llegarse a considerar en su totalidad como pública y ser conocida por quien la requiera. Teniendo en cuenta el resultado de la revisión y análisis de la información recolectada en la ejecución de los Contratos en comento y en atención a los parámetros señalados en la Ley 1581 de 2012, en lo que respecta a las obligaciones sociales, se sugiere que en el proceso de recolección, acceso, uso y divulgación de la información que contiene datos personales, se utilicen formatos de encuestas en los que se incluyan los parámetros dados por la referida ley para que sean implementados en los Proyectos e Iniciativas de Telecomunicaciones Sociales que sean desarrollados por parte del MINISTERIO DE TECNOLOGÍAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Y LAS COMUNICACIONES (MINTIC) o del FONDO DE TECNOLOGIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Y LAS COMUNICACIONES (FONDOTIC -FONTIC), en aras de continuar construyendo un Estado eficiente, transparente y participativo gracias a las TIC.

The present research work is proposed to advance a tax legal analysis on the event generating the Value Added Tax (IVA) that is part of the "sale and assignment of rights of intangible assets only associated with industrial property." This generating event was introduced in article 420 (literal b) of the Tax Statute (E.T.) with the tax reform Act 1819 of 2016. The main objectives of this paper are to analyze the behavior of IVA collection in regard to this generating event and also to analyze the feasibility of the generating event, in arder to determine if the way its wording was structured in effect achieved an impact of broadening the taxable base of the tax ar if, on the contrary, such event generating IVA, is difficult to concretise in the practice of the businesses advanced in the country.

Healthy and nutritious vending offers balanted snacks of excellent nutritional quality (fruits, sandwiches, nuts, biscuits and cakes high in fiber, sausages, chips and low-fat dairy and sodium) through automatic vending machines for food and beverages which they have a touch screen where it is possible to present nutritional information and advertising of products aimed at employees of large and medium-sized companies in the city of Bogotá, offering advantages for the health of employees and contributing to the productivity of the company. This project is committed to healthy and quality food as an alternative for everyone in a world where there is more and more awareness to lead a healthy life.

Veci - Domicilios, aims to generate a new approach to the services offered by shopkeepers in Colombia, allowing them to enter the use of virtual technology and compete with large service chains or recognized franchises recognized and have have a service of domicile. Allowing clients to access the services of their neighborhood. Initially, offering your products effectively from the Web and mobile platforms, offering a new market service, a range of addresses where you really want to provide service of domicilies, allowing the grocer to be more efficient in delivery times, get a better rating their customers, control of their orders and a greater acceptance of their products to their nearest neighbors.

The construction of an LNG facility implies a considerable expenditure the capital, generally, the process simulators are used to estimate the operating parameters of the liquefaction plant and to size the equipment needed. Although, natural gas data has been widely studied under non-cryogenic conditions, the availability of thermodynamic data for multi-component mixtures at high pressure, and cryogenic temperatures is still poor (Laskowski L., 2008).Therefore, accurate vapour-liquid equilibria (VLE), and calorific data for multi-component mixtures at LNG process conditions would enhance the simulations.Measurements of VLE data for binary mixture consisted of methane and butane and also a multi-component mixture; methane, ethane, propane and butane were performanced. Furthermore, a comparison of these data with the predictions given by Aspen HYSYS software, using the Peng-Robinson (PR), Soave Redlich Kwong (SRK) and the GERG equations of state (EOSs). Moreover, an improvement in the performance of cubic EOSs in HYSYS is studied by anchoring these data using a tuning code.Finally, analyse the impact of those finding in the LNG scrub column.The experimental part of the project has completed using a cryogenic VLE apparatus, while the modelling part has done by using a tuning code that interacts between HYSYS and MS Excel; it optimizes an objective function by the modification of binary interaction parameters in the equation of state.

ITALIANO La città colombiana di Santiago di Cali è stata catalogata come zona di alta pericolosità sismica. Diversi scuotimento di alti livelli di intensità nel passato hanno registrato effetti significativi sull’infrastruttura della città. In conseguenza, uno studio di pericolosità sismica è stato fatto dall’Istituto Geologico e di Mine Colombiano (INGEOMINAS), dove diverse zone di comportamento dinamico omogeneo sono state caratterizzate. Per migliorarne la conoscenza sulla risposta del sottosuolo, Otálvaro et al., (2010) hanno sviluppato diverse prove geofisiche nel campus della Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ Cali), localizzata nella zona omogenea 4e. Come risultato delle prove e dell’analisi di informazione indiretta (pozzi di estrazione nelle vicinanze), un profilo sismo-geotecnico tipico è stato proposto. L’obiettivo della presente ricerca è stato la determinazione della pericolosità in superficie, in termini di Spettro di Risposta a Pericolosità Uniforme (UHS) per la PUJ Cali, conoscendo la pericolosità di base dall’Analisi Probabilistica della Pericolosità Sismica (PSHA) e valutando la Risposta Sismica Locale (RSL) del deposito di terreno. La metodologia seguita per la definizione dello spettro UHS in superficie intende, prima, la determinazione di un numero sufficiente di accelerogrammi rappresentativi della pericolosità di base per l’analisi del comportamento sismico del deposito di terreno in PUJ Cali, tramite RSL. I risultati dalla RSL si presentano in termini di funzioni di amplificazione, ovvero l’entità dell’amplificazione subita dal profilo di terreno per diversi periodi spettrali, in funzione del livello di scuotimento. Come ultimo passaggio, bisogna integrare tali funzioni con lo spettro UHS in condizioni di riferimento (roccia), dalla PSHA. La strada scelta per questa operazione è stata il Metodo della Convoluzione (Bazzurro & Cornell, 2004b), un metodo consistente con la natura probabilistica della PSHA che intende superare le limitazioni dei “Metodi Ibridi”, dove la PSHA si integra con la RSL semplicemente tramite moltiplicazione periodo a periodo dell’UHS in roccia per dei valori deterministici di amplificazione. Inoltre, la variabilità nel profilo delle velocità delle onde di taglio (Vs) è stata introdotta tramite simulazioni Monte Carlo. I risultati per il presente caso di studio, in termini di UHS per periodi di ritorno di 475 e 1000 anni, segnalano come il metodo della convoluzione, contrario a quanto riportato in letteratura, prevede accelerazioni spettrali consistentemente minori di quelle in corrispondenza dei metodi ibridi. Tale differenza è ancora più significativa all’aumentare del periodo di ritorno. Inoltre, è stato evidenziato come l’effetto della variabilità nel profilo di Vs si tradurre in minori amplificazioni per quasi tutti i periodi spettrali, questo dovuto al fatto della non-linearità indotta nei profili randomizzati meno rigidi. Tuttavia, in termini di UHS, l’inclusione dell’incertezza genera uno spettro più conservativo dello spettro nel caso deterministico poiché il metodo della convoluzione tiene in conto della deviazione standard delle funzioni di amplificazione, significativamente maggiore considerando randomizzazione. Finalmente, è da notare come lo spettro UHS in superficie proposto per PUJ Cali in questo elaborato prevede accelerazioni spettrali minori di quelle corrispondenti agli spettri riportati da INGEOMINAS (2005a) e Otálvaro et al., (2010) sapendo che tali spettri sono inviluppi e non risposte medie. ENGLISH Colombian city Cali has been classified as a high seismic hazard zone. Several recorded ground motions have registered significant effects on the city’s infrastructure. In consequence, a seismic hazard analysis was developed by the Institute of Geology and Mines in Colombia (INGEOMINAS), where dynamically homogeneous zones were characterized. To improve the knowledge regarding the seismic response from the soil, Otálvaro et al., (2010) performed a number of geophysical surveys on the campus of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ Cali), located on the homogenous zone 4e in Cali. The outcome from the tests and some indirect information was a proposed typical soil profile. This study aims to determine the hazard in surface, in terms of Uniform Hazard Spectrum (UHS) for PUJ Cali, knowing the UHS for rock conditions from the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and evaluating the soil’s Local Seismic Response (RSL). The methodology followed to define the UHS in surface consists in first determining enough ground motions coherent with the base hazard for then performing the seismic behavior analysis for the subsoil, by RSL. Results from RSL are presented as amplification functions, that is, the entity of the amplification suffered by the soil for diverse spectral periods, as a function of the level of strain induced. The last step consists in merging said functions with the PSHA. For this operation, the Convolution Method (Bazzurro & Cornell, 2004b) was chosen, a method consistent with the probabilistic nature from the PSHA which aims to overcome the limitations from “Hybrid Methods”, where PSHA is merged with RSL by a simple multiplication, period by period, of UHS in rock and deterministic values for amplification. Furthermore, the soil’s profile variability is accounted as uncertainty in the shear-wave velocity (Vs) profile, implementing Monte Carlo simulations. Results, in terms of UHS for return periods of 475 and 1000 years, show how spectral accelerations from the convolution method, contrary as reported in literature, are consistently lower than those corresponding to hybrid methods. This difference becomes more significant as return period increases. Discussing the effect of uncertainty in Vs, it is noted how lower amplifications are experienced for most periods when considering a stochastic situation, this because of non-linearity induced in less rigid randomized profiles. Nevertheless, the UHS considering Vs variability is more conservative than the UHS from the deterministic profile due to the inclusion of standard deviation of amplification functions in the convolution method, significantly higher than those corresponding to the base profile. Finally, it is noted how the UHS proposed for PUJ Cali for this study predicts lower spectral accelerations than those spectrums reported from INGEOMINAS (2005a) and Otálvaro et al., (2010), acknowledging that these last spectrums are envelopes and do not represent a median response.