Abstract: In the Colombian armed conflict, women represented between 40% and 50% of guerrilla ranks. Since 1999 until 2017 the DDR program in charge of the rehabilitation and reintegration for children lead by ICBF has attended around 1720 girls that disengaged from non-stated armed groups, from which 60% came from FARC. Keeping in mind that in 2016, the peace agreement between the government of Colombia and FARC was signed, the analysis of challenges in the reintegration processes of these girls, obtain relevance. Considering that the gender inequalities in the Colombian Society represent a structural violence that in many cases are the root causes that push girls to join the guerrilla groups, this research addresses to what extent the DDR Program for children lead by ICBF, managed to break the perpetuation of the sex/gender cultural system, based on the life trajectories of six former Colombian child combatants that were in the guerrilla groups and today have finished the ICBF program. The study will be grounded in ideas of post-conflict peacebuilding and DDR as a practice tool to peacebuilding. Also, insights of feminist theories such as the sex/gender system, intersectionality, gender stereotyping among others will be discussed to delimit the understanding of the structural violence based on gender to analyze the life-stories of the disengaged people.

Abstract: The author sets out a strategy for the sustainable development of a geothermal resource park within the geo-thermoelectric field Domo San Pedro (DSP), Nayarit, Mexico. The DSP project is owned by Grupo Dragón (GD), which it is the first private geothermal project within the country. The resource park is a pioneer initiative for sustainable large-scale geothermal direct-use development in the country. Currently, initiatives toward the development of geothermal direct-use projects, using the excess heat of the electricity generation, are being taken at the location. A fish farming project and a greenhouse are being developed under the Social Responsibility area, and a fruit drying pilot project is taking place in collaboration with the Engineering Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). A coordinated long-term value proposal is recommended to achieve resource allocation efficiency and stakeholder engagement through the process. The DSP RP strategy looks for a holistic sustainable, efficient and inclusive way of using the geothermal resource, implicating directuse development, socioeconomic benefits for the local community of San Pedro Lagunillas and an environmental industrial solution for all the parties involved. A symbiotic relationship among parties is proposed, fostering the sustainable development of geothermal low enthalpy projects in Mexico. The author presents a background analysis that will define the DSP Resource Park proposal, as well as a development strategy that will ensure the long-term success of the park. Resumen: La autora plantea una estrategia para el desarrollo sostenible de un parque de recursos geotérmicos dentro del campo geotermoeléctrico Domo San Pedro (DSP), Nayarit, México. El proyecto DSP es propiedad del Grupo Dragón (GD), siendo el primer desarrollo geotérmico privado del país. El parque de recursos es una iniciativa pionera para el desarrollo sostenible de los recursos geotérmicos de uso directo en México. Se han venido desarrollando iniciativas para el desarrollo de proyectos de uso directo geotérmico asociados a la planta, aprovechando el exceso de calor de la generación eléctrica. El departamento de Responsabilidad Social desarrolla un proyecto de piscicultura y un invernadero, así como un proyecto piloto de secado de frutas en colaboración con el Instituto de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). La tesis plantea una propuesta de valor coordinada a largo plazo para lograr la eficiencia en la asignación de recursos y la participación de las partes interesadas a lo largo del proceso de establecimiento del parque de recursos. La estrategia busca una forma holística sostenible, eficiente e inclusiva de utilizar el recurso geotérmico, implicando el desarrollo de usos directos, beneficios socioeconómicos para la comunidad local de San Pedro Lagunillas y una solución ambiental industrial para todas las partes involucradas. Se propone una relación simbiótica entre las partes, fomentando el desarrollo sustentable de proyectos geotérmicos de baja entalpía en México. Así, la autora presenta un análisis de antecedentes que definirá la propuesta del parque de recursos, así como una estrategia de desarrollo que asegurará el éxito a largo plazo de la iniciativa.

En la actualidad es muy importante para una marca o empresa crecer constantemente, por este motivo la marca Duppla ha ido aprovechando los cambios en el mercado, utilizando las herramientas y métodos necesarios y efectivos con el fin de generar mayores ingresos y crecimiento. Estas decisiones se toman no sólo basándose en los cambios de la economía del país sino también en la demanda, aceptación y reconocimiento que una marca o producto alcanza en el tiempo que ha estado en el mercado. El proyecto de expansión requiere de una inversión inicial de $16.8 millones, el VPN asciende a $1.622 millones correspondiente a un horizonte de inversión de 10 años, con una TIR de 429%, lo que nos asegura que el payback de la inversión inicial se obtiene en el mes 9 del proyecto. Por lo anterior, y teniendo en cuenta que a lo largo de estos 4 años, que la marca Duppla lleva en el mercado ha logrado un crecimiento constante, aumento en las ventas, innovación de diseños y materiales, abrir dos sucursales en Montería y realizar envíos a diferentes ciudades del país, hemos identificado una nueva oportunidad de expansión al abrir una sucursal en la ciudad de Sincelejo. La marca se ha posicionado fuertemente en la zona, lo que nos lleva a aprovechar esta oportunidad, la demanda del mercado para iniciar la expansión en el territorio nacional.

The objective of the present work was to develop a business model for nautical cartography offered by the Colombian General Maritime Directorate (DIMAR), in order to contribute to its consolidation as a modern, efficient and competitive entity, which promotes the safety of navigation for the seas of the world. A contextualization was made about DIMAR and its close relationship with the Colombian National Navy (ARC). It was explored about the types of nautical charts that DIMAR can trade, a diagnosis of nautical cartography was developed as a value proposition, aspects that served as inputs to generate a business model CANVAS which allows observing how it captures value for Colombia and delivers value to customers within the field of nautical cartography. This work was framed in a theoretical research at the descriptive level, with a documentary field design based on interview or structured questionnaire, non-experimental and cross-sectional questionnaire for the analysis of data from the empirical evidence. The results showed that only four countries in Latin America (Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Colombia) have the capacity to produce nautical charts, but as Commander Ramírez (2017) stated on his interview, only Mexico has attempted to manage it as a lucrative business, without achieving any resounding success to date, as a result, these countries are dedicated only to cartographic production, with a focus on domestic maritime safety. The rest of the countries of the region, due to economic, technological and human resources deficiencies to carry out their cartographic surveys, appeal to Hydrographic powerful Offices such as the United Kingdom, the United States or Japan, with whom they face barriers such as the language and stagnation of alliances and agreements due to delayed diplomatic procedures. The business model Canvas placed in this work aims to serve two segments. The first segment is the countries which are geographically close to Colombia and have a high maritime activity and the second segment aims to countries geographically close to Colombia, without a significant commercial flow through their maritime ports and which have problems or limitations to carry out all their hydrographic surveys in order to ensure a safe navigation on their waters in spite of their acquired international obligations. In other words, this business model will allow Colombia to cooperate with countries and contribute to the maritime safety in the region among other benefits. The appendices include the survey, all the notes of the unstructured interviews carried out, as well as all the interviews that were done in a structured way, including personnel who worked or still work in DIMAR, interviews with international organizations such as the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO), as well as interviews with people from some Central American countries who are responsible to the IHO on issues related to the hydrography of their countries. The interviews that were carried out in Spanish, are in the appendices in the original language with translation to English. The appendices have also taken into account a contextualization of the reader with a political map of Central America and additionally annexed a gallery of photos of the ships with which DIMAR currently carries out its naval operations.

Since the dawn of the digital age, our society has experienced big cultural changes. Questions have arisen as to how to manage this new digital world surrounding us and influencing our daily lives, how to deal with its purposes and the associated phenomena, both positive and negative. It seems undeniable that this new media is here to stay and won‟t cease to impregnate our social spheres and our human spaces in many ways, so it‟s crucial to understand it as much as possible. In this research particularly, cases of virality online are analyzed. These cases are content (or people) that gain widely and rapidly, popularity and exposure online, for many different reasons. How does this virtual fame influence the lives of these people? What does it mean to be popular online for a reason which seems positive? What does it mean to be popular online for a reason which seems negative? Does „going viral’ suppose a risk for the person involved in it? Given the contemporary nature of these events, it is important to take a look at them from an academic perspective, in order to understand our online behavior and therefore ourselves as a social species. The novelty of this topic supposes an interesting look on our communication style and our culture as well. An ethnographic perspective constitutes the approach of study elected, because virality implicates masses, masses that follow with individuals that feel the need to be part of something, to be informed about a common knowledge. Through the method of interviews, this topic will be address. Three people involved in viral cases online will be questioned; some of them went viral for good reasons, some of them for not very good ones. A contrast is expected to emerge. Desde el surgimiento de la era digital, nuestra sociedad ha experimentado grandes cambios culturales. Varias preguntas se han presentado con respecto al manejo de este nuevo mundo que nos rodea e influencia, cómo lidiar con sus propósitos y fenómenos, tanto positivos como negativos. Es inevitable la presencia de estos nuevos medios, los cuales permean nuestras esferas sociales y espacios humanos de muchas maneras. Es crucial alcanzar un entendimiento sobre esto. En esta investigación particular, se analizaron casos de viralidad online. Estos casos se refieren a contenidos (o personas) que adquirieron una amplia y rápida popularidad online, por muchas razones. ¿Cómo influye entonces esta fama en la vida de estas personas?, ¿Qué significa ser popular online por una razón que parece positiva?, ¿Qué significa ser popular online por una razón que parece negativa?, “volverse viral” ¿supone un riesgo para la persona involucrada? Dada la contemporaneidad de estos episodios, es importante mirarlos desde una perspectiva académica, para poder entender nuestro comportamiento digital y por ende entendernos a nosotros mismo como especie. La novedad de este tema supone un interesante estudio sobre la comunicación y la cultura humana. Este estudio se lleva a cabo desde una perspectiva etnográfica, debido a que la viralidad implica el análisis de masas, masas compuestas por individuos que desean ser parte de algo, desean conocer un conocimiento común. Este proceso se lleva a cabo por medio de entrevistas. Tres personas involucradas en casos virales son cuestionadas; unos individuos se volvieron famosos online por razones positivas, y otros por razones no tan buenas. Emerge entonces un contraste interesante.

The Latin American population in Sweden has been increasing, and Colombians accounted for 17-24 % of the total migrant population in the last 5 years. In migration, acculturation is a process where individual changes take place as a result of contact with other culturally dissimilar people, which is known by influencing positively or negatively the health status of immigrants. Different studies have examined migration and health status, health access and barriers of consultation. However, there is a lack of information regarding immigrants’ attitudes towards health services and the influence on health-seeking behaviors. The aim was to explore the attitudes and experiences that Colombian immigrants had in their first interaction with the primary healthcare center (Vårdcentral). More specifically, it sought to explore differences or similarities in the attitudes and experiences of the Swedish healthcare system compared those from Colombia. Consequently, eight semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with Colombian immigrants living in the south of Sweden using a snowball-sampling technique. A qualitative manifest and a latent content analysis were used for the analysis and interpretation of results. Three themes emerged from the analysis: ‘The language: playing the same game’, referred to the relevance of language providing autonomy and connecting with the new context. ‘The Swedish healthcare system: The disillusion when starting over’, referred to the contrasting perceptions of immigrants in their first interaction with the Vårdcentral, indicating a shock that made them change their health-seeking behaviors. ‘Acculturation is like going on a long pathway’: described the transition of personal thoughts and actions with the healthcare system, which constituted steps in the process of adapting to the Swedish Culture. Acculturation is a complex process that includes encounters with the healthcare system. Interventions, in healthcare, that facilitate immigrants to better adjust to a new society are required in order to ensure the acceptation of attitudes and practices leading to gains in health and well-being.

Este proyecto hace referencia a la implementación de una granja porcícola tecnificada. El objetivo del proyecto, es promover el desarrollo porcícola como emprendimiento familiar a partir de altos estándares de calidad y producción en el municipio de La Plata Huila, satisfaciendo las necesidades de los consumidores y maximizando las utilidades de los inversionistas. Los beneficiarios del proyecto son la comunidad de La Plata en el departamento del Huila, generando empleo a personal directo y mejorando su calidad de vida, así como los consumidores de la ciudad de Bogotá, La Plata (frigoríficos, famas) y circunvecinos quienes tendrán carne de los más altos estándares de calidad.

The border area of Cúcuta -Bolívar- San Cristóbal is a deeply dynamic space in which population, social, economic and environmental relations are articulated, built and sustained by the communities settled in this territory and that in turn transform the population group and its demographic dynamics. However, a lack of awareness of how this demographic dynamic is influenced by changes in other dimensions of development, both in the country itself and in the neighboring country, changes conditioned by social and economic population flows. Second, there is an absence of a holistic and integral approach in the studies of the border area of Cúcuta, Bolívar and San Cristóbal, which has been unknown as an integral unit in ali dimensions of development, and finally in third place it does not know how far these dynamics are influenced by the national contexts, of different kinds of tensions, and whose non-resolution leads to critica! situations that negatively affect the population of both territories and their possibilities of development. In this context, the document propases an integrative view of this geographic space, as a basis far implementing new methodologies for the reordering of these territories.

El presente trabajo ofrece al lector un análisis de la política de inclusión de recicladores en Bogotá y la consecuente transformación del modelo de prestación del servicio de aseo de la ciudad que tuvo lugar entre el año 2012 y el año 2015, a la luz de los referentes teóricos propuestos por Pierre Muller, Bruno Jobert y Alain Faure sobre “La construcción del referencial en política pública”. El análisis, de corte cualitativo, se realizó con base en los siguientes objetivos: i) constatar la existencia de un grupo de la población que desarrolla actividades de reciclaje por fuera de los circuitos formales de la prestación del servicio de aseo; ii) analizar el proceso organizativo de la población recicladora en la ciudad de Bogotá; iii) analizar si el modelo basado en la competencia por el mercado de residuos, impone condiciones excluyentes para la población recicladora; iv) estudiar los procesos licitatorios realizados, las demandas interpuestas por los recicladores y las consecuentes decisiones de la Corte Constitucional; v) analizar las dificultades que enfrentan los gobiernos para implementar políticas públicas en lo local, en razón de las rivalidades entre los distintos segmentos que hacen parte de una sociedad.El estudio arrojó una serie de consideraciones, de las cuales son principales las siguientes: i) que el paso de un servicio público basado en el principio de garantizar higiene y salud a uno basado en la gestión integral de los residuos con inclusión de población recicladora, lleva a revaluar el referencial global sobre libre competencia y concurrencia; ii) que la obligación que impone la Corte a la Administración distrital, supera el mandato de esta última, al menos bajo las condiciones normativas existentes; iii) que, en relación con el reconocimiento e inclusión de los recicladores, el éxito mayor sigue estando representado en los propios Autos de la Corte Constitucional.

Maestría