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Imagen de apoyo de Considerations on perception and reality: understanding the discrepancy between subjective feelings of (in) security and objective crime rates in Bogotá, Colombia. A social capital perspective

Por: Juan Sebastián Barreto Barreto | Fecha: 2015

This thesis analyzes the possible influence of social capital on the levels of fear of crime perceived by residents of Bogotá. The thesis focuses on the potential role of social networks and the individual perception of collective efficacy of neighborhoods in the metropolitan area of the Colombian capital. According to current theoretical developments, people who belong to social networks and actively participate in them expect reciprocity from their peers in case of a criminal event. Thus, they will benefit from an inhibiting effect on their individual levels of fear of crime. Following the statistics, the security situation in the city of Bogotá has improved during the last years. For example, the homicide rates have ostensibly dropped in the last 20 years and other crimes, such as robberies and burglaries, have stabilized within normal occurrence rates compared to the historical average. Nevertheless, citizens of Bogotá feel more insecure and perceive higher risks of being a victim of crime than 10 years ago. This seemingly paradoxical situation suggests a gap between the subjective feelings of citizens and objective criminal rates registered by different authorities. As most of the theoretical and empirical research has focused on the study of facilitators of fear of crime, using quantitative methodologies, this thesis will focus on the study of inhibitors of fear. To understand levels of fear of crime in neighborhoods of Bogotá it adopts a qualitative methodology. In addition, it inquires for the most relevant factors that produce fear of crime and suggests policy recommendations to make people feel safer in the city. The results show that the role of social networks in inhibiting individual levels of fear of crime depends on the quantity and quality of pooled resources that a community has. Neighborhoods with more social, economic and institutional resources provide environments and milieus where people feel safer. This perception of collective efficacy to advance communal goals plays a pivotal role in the inhibition of fear of crime and is stronger in more cohesive and organized neighborhoods. Finally, high levels of fear of crime lead to less participation in neighborhoods where illegal armed groups exert de facto control of the territory, hampering the already low levels of social capital in these communities.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros

Imagen de apoyo de The Energy Union and the implications for UK: A broad view in political, economical and infrastructure issues = La política de Energy Union, un punto de vista de temas políticos, económicos y de infraestructura para el Reino Unido

Por: María Yodaly Sierra Rubio | Fecha: 2015

Energy Union (En Un) is a program released by the European Commission intended to create a single energy market between the European Union in order to have secure, affordable and sustainable energy. This way the imports will be reduced and the final price should be lower (theoretically) increasing the energy security for all the countries. The first communication was in February 2015 and is a very new topic for all the energy stakeholders in the EU. This is why a dissertation for the implications of this policy in UK was developed as part of the Master in Energy, Environmental Technology & Technology from City University London. UK is currently catalogued as an Energy Island (less than 10% of cross-border interconnection), with 30% of the generation based in coal, 30% in gas and 20% renewable, a liberalised market that varies with changes in gas or wind availability and the third highest kWh price from the EU. More than 20 energy policies and Conservative government with a constraint view against renewables’ subsidies. The implication for the UK and the En Un are divided into three: Infrastructural, Political and Economical. In the middle a map of the new cross-border grids proposed by this policy some of the findings are. The Energy Union in the UK will happen even if there’s no political wiliness or if they decide to not be part of the EU, mainly because the new infrastructure is already being developed (UK-Belgium) additional to the four current cross-border interconnectors. The wholesale market in UK is already liberalized and some cross border trades are being done with clean and cheap electricity from France and Holland; the key development is UK-Ireland, because UK, instead of being a 100% exporter to Ireland, will flip the coin with an import-export relationship with 8 interconnectors, electricity generated in Euros and close distance. Now it will not really matter if you generate electricity from Fossil Fuels, Nuclear or Renewable; the country will purchase from where is cheapest and available, independently from the source. Shale Gas, Nuclear, Gas and coal with CCS will be the important investment in the next years, not only in PPP (private public partnership) schemes but with R&D. New Universities courses will be develop (energy traders / brokers, cross border trade supervisors, etc) and more women should get involved. The £/ kWh for domestic and small companies will not be significantly reduced (albeit the low cost of it), those companies more engaged with the market will have very good deals and low £/ kWh.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de The inclusion of a social paradigm in health justice = La inclusión de un paradigma social en justicia en salud

Por: Sebastián Felipe Fonseca Chaparro | Fecha: 2015

The actual realization of health justice is rooted on the causes and effects of ill-health, or health ontology as it’s been framed. A recent paradigm shift in health has been the raise of the social determinants of health, which gave substantial weight to perceiving health as more than absence of disease. It follows that justice in contemporary liberal societies must enact coherently with these social accounts through the inclusion of other strategies and actors. Nevertheless, predominant views of health are still based on individualistic causes of ill-health and healthcare-based solutions. The current dissertation explores the implications of excluding and including the social paradigm in health from the scope of social justice theories. Particularly, it clarifies what the role of civil society is in realizing health justice. It will cover this topic in three ways: 1. Evaluation of the predominant view in determinants of ill-health, particularly biologic endowments, behavioral risks and environmental exposure. This yields a better comprehension displacing social factors from health justice. 2. Analyses of contemporary political accounts of egalitarianism and its critiques. It will support and further deepen the arguments against displacing social factors, while guiding the scope of research towards the central role of civil society. 3. Once civil society and social factors are considered within health justice, I will explore related issues including social structures, social groups and identity. In sum, the incorporation of social factors in the ontology of health is fundamental to realize health justice. The social paradigm here envisioned refers to relationships in civil society that defines the preconditions for the flourishing of individuals. This is done through social positioning of entities, whether individuals or social groups. As such, integrating the social paradigm within justice implies a central role civil society; particularly, by shaping individual identity through social groups.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros

Imagen de apoyo de Remembering Wartime Violence. Experiences Of Teachers And Students From Secondary Schools In Bogota = Recordando la violencia en tiempos de guerra. Experiencias de docentes y estudiantes en colegios públicos de Bogotá

Por: Julian David Bermeo Osorio | Fecha: 2015

This study is about the experiences of teachers and students in the production of memory about past violence, and how they struggle to articulate these memories with present concerns and their expectations about the future. In doing this, they rely on some social discourses such as learning lessons from the past which has the potential to offer a better future free from violence and other social problems, an idea commonly attributed to the philosopher George Santayana (1095). To find information about this I conducted research where the voices of the participants are highlighted, and their ‘framings’ of the past related to dominant ideas and a range of literature about collective remembering. The goal is both to explore experiences, and to reflect on theorizing about the role of the past and of memory construction in the lives of educative actors. One of the key findings is that when they refer to aspects of the past, these actors do so to relate this to their present politics of everyday life. In consequence, it is shown that memory interrelates with the past, the present and the future and can be described as walking a thin line between these three temporal dimensions. Those interviewed also considered that their work could contribute to sustainable peace, but also insisted that structural violence required reforms beyond a peace agreement, to tackle root causes of social injustice, by reducing poverty and exclusion. The contribution of this research brings the voices of these relevant social actors to the forefront with the understanding of the contradictions, which impose an unusual context where the production of memory has to coexist with different forms of mutually reinforced violence.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros

Imagen de apoyo de Inclusive growth, inequality and the role of land in rural development in Brazil = Crecimiento inclusivo, inequidad y el rol de la tierra en el desarrollo rural de Brasil

Por: Luisa Fernanda Mendoza Berrío | Fecha: 2015

This paper explores the relationship between land inequality and inclusive growth in light of land policies for growth and poverty reduction. Contrasting traditional redistribution with inclusive rural growth shows the importance of land as an economic, social and political asset for achieving sustainable development. Analysing the Brazilian case, the paper suggests that inclusive growth strategies do not effectively counteract structural conditions of inequality and rather than attacking exclusionary growth patterns merely address immediate exigencies. Hence, returning to redistribution is fundamental for including the rural poor in modern economies, not just in terms of economic efficiency but for constructing equitable and approachable markets that enable the expansion of individual freedom.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros
Ciencias sociales

Imagen de apoyo de Linguistische und psycholinguistische Analyse von Sprachproduktionsfehlern in der deutschen und spanischen Sprache - Ein Sprachvergleich der Versprecher in spontanen Befragungen auf Deutsch und Spanisch

Por: Cindy Alejandra Enciso Herrera | Fecha: 2015

Zusammenfassung: Boomer & Laver (1968: 4) definieren einen Versprecher als “an involuntary deviation in performance from the speaker’s current phonological, grammatical or lexical intention”. Aus diesem Begriff lassen sich drei Standpunkte folgern: Erstens, dass der Sprecher in der Regel ein phonologisches, grammatisches und/oder lexikalisches Intendiertes am Sprechen hat; zweitens, dass er sein Intendiertes mit der möglichst geringsten Anzahl von Unklarheiten zu äußern versucht; und drittens, dass der Sprecher immer unter dem Risiko steht, von seinem Intendierten abzuweichen. Beim Sprechen läuft der Sprecher die fast unvermeidbare Gefahr, Sprachproduktionsfehler bei seinen Gesprächsbeiträgen und in seinen Äußerungen zu begehen. Die Versprecher können auf verschiedenen Ebenen der Sprache auftauchen, bspw. auf der morphologischen, auf der syntaktischen oder auf der phonologischen Ebene. Mehrere Sprachwissenschaftler, unter anderen Meringer & Mayer (1978), del Viso (2002) und Wiedenmann (1992) haben sich mit den Versprechern verschiedener Sprachen beschäftigt. Diese Autoren berücksichtigten bei ihren Forschungen spontane, erzeugte, vollständige, unvollständige, in Korpora registrierte Versprecher, u.a. (vgl. Meringer & Mayer 1978; del Viso 2002; Wiedenmann 1992; Baars, Motley et al. 1975). Gleichwohl ist der Vergleich zwischen Versprechern im Deutschen und im Spanischen noch nicht näher untersucht worden. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit einer linguistischen und psycholinguistischen Analyse von Sprachproduktionsfehlern in der deutschen und spanischen Sprache. Da das linguistische Feld der Versprecher aus zahlreichen Ansichten verschiedener Autoren analysiert worden ist, wird mit diesem Sprachvergleich versucht, die Versprecher in beiden Sprachen unter einer besonderen, ähnlich gestalteten kommunikativen Situation zu erforschen. Es wird außerdem versucht grob zu erkunden, inwiefern sich die Lapsus Linguae in einer bestimmten kommunikativen Praktik in den beiden Sprachen unterscheiden kann. Die in dieser Arbeit analysierten Sprechfehler werden aus einer Videoreihe gesammelt, in der es sich um spontane Befragungen von Passanten auf der Straße handelt (siehe Punkte 2.1. und 2.2.). Im ersten Teil wird der theoretische Hintergrund dargelegt. In diesem Teil werden zuerst die Versprecher als ein Phänomen der gesprochenen Sprache erläutert. Danach versucht man die Grenze zwischen den Lapsus Linguae, den Formulierungsproblemen und anderen Phänomenen der prototypischen Mündlichkeit festzustellen. Dann wird ein Überblick über den Begriff Versprecher im linguistischen Bereich vorgestellt. Der theoretische Hintergrund wird mit der Klassifizierung von Versprechern abgeschlossen. Im zweiten Teil wird eine empirische Untersuchung zu den Versprechern in der deutschen und in der spanischen Sprache durchgeführt. Dabei wird das Material beschrieben, aus welchem die Sprechfehler gesammelt werden. Weiterhin wird eine Erklärung der Vorgehensweise für die auf diesem Material basierende Studie dargelegt. Im letzten Teil werden die Ergebnisse und eine Analyse zu diesen präsentiert. Schließlich werden die Schlussfolgerungen der vorliegenden Arbeit dargelegt. Resumen: Los errores de habla han sido estudiados por numerosos autores en diferentes idiomas, como por ejemplo Nora Wiedenmann en alemán (1992), Susana del Viso en español (2002), Merrill Garrett (1992) en inglés, entre otros. Estos errores conocidos también como Lapsus Linguæ han sido investigados desde sus diferentes categorías, a saber ‘errores espontáneos, provocados, completos, incompletos, registrados en corpus’, etc. Sin embargo, hasta ahora no se han realizado análisis detallados de comparación de los errores de producción del lenguaje en las lenguas española y alemana. Este es, pues, el objetivo de este trabajo, en el que se presenta un análisis lingüístico y psicolingüístico de los errores de producción del lenguaje en ambos idiomas. Debido a que el campo lingüístico de los Lapsus Linguæ puede ser tratado desde numerosos puntos de vista y es un campo aún en constante investigación, se realiza en el presente trabajo una recopilación de dichos errores a partir de una situación comunicativa específica, la cual ha sido producida de forma similar para ambas lenguas. Esta situación consiste en encuestas o mini entrevistas pertenecientes a un proyecto lingüístico originado por estudiantes alemanes en el año 2006. Como siguiente objetivo se busca indagar si existen diferencias a nivel subléxico, léxico y supraléxico entre ambas lenguas en los errores de habla en prácticas comunicativas específicas. El presente análisis psicolingüístico está basado en aspectos morfosintácticos de los Lapsus Linguæ e incluye tanto el análisis teórico de dichos errores, en el que se presentan teorías de varios autores respecto a los errores de habla, como un análisis empírico en el que se recolectan 299 nuevos errores en alemán y español antes no estudiados.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros

Imagen de apoyo de Assessment, analysis and improvement of the energy demand in the actively controlled storage facility from the national museum of Scotland

Por: Piedad Rocío Mora Quintero | Fecha: 2015

The building sector plays a significant role regarding CO2 generation in the UK, accounting for 37%. Efforts have been oriented to lower the energy consumption by increasing the efficiency of conditioning systems and by integrating smart designs that lower the energy requirements. The newest storage facility from NMS was designed to use energy efficiently to provide the necessary environmental conditions to approximately 10 million items with specific climate conditions. However, the designers are interested to know how the building is performing and how the energy usage could be lowered. In this report, an assessment of this distinctive building with a dual nature of a storage facility coexisting with a research workplace is conducted. Initially, it was unforeseen how much energy had been used by each piece of equipment; given the type of data recorded, the assessment is performed in a detailed fashion to provide the figures that could help to make decisions to modify the energy usage. Additionally, even though the building was designed using efficient equipment, with air-tightness that was classified as better than typical and a good isolated envelop, opportunities were still found to improve even more its operative functions and hence to reduce the annual cost of energy and the CO2 emissions generation. The results show how to reduce the energy consumption at practically zero cost by making more flexible the temperature settings and by modifying the control strategy, resulting mainly in savings up to 35% in gas consumption. Another potential solution is provided by calculating the energy that a PV array could harvest. Two other recommendations that cannot be implemented are assessed. More elaborated strategies can be analysed and implemented when environmental-friendly buildings are designed.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros
Ingeniería

Imagen de apoyo de The effects of a contractor’s risk attitude on their bid decision making Forestal = Los efectos de la actitud de riesgo en los contratistas en sus decisiones de licitar

Por: Carolina Silva Jaramillo | Fecha: 2015

The construction industry is well known to have many uncertain events during its construction process. Projects within this industry are exposed to a higher degree of risk, being vulnerable to achieving the project’s objectives in terms of time, cost and quality. For this reason, risk must be managed to minimise possible adverse impacts. The process of managing risk requires human judgement, thus being influenced by a construction professional’s risk attitude and perception. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of a construction professionals risk attitude in their bid decision making. For this purpose, this study will consist of a primary data source obtained through a literature review and a secondary approach through a mixed research method, involving semi-structured interviews with professionals involved in bid decision making to collect new data. The study indicated that an individual’s professional experience and company’s culture are the two main factors to affect an individual’s risk attitude, though it was found the recession in 2008 had a great impact in these. The recession reshaped the whole construction industry’s risk attitude, as the market condition and the global economy became the dictators as to the risks a company had to take to survive. It was established risk attitude is a cyclical aspect influenced by external and internal factors, both being greatly affected by the market and the country’s economic condition. The research findings provided an in-depth exploratory study of an individual’s risk attitude and behaviour under competitive bidding, leading to understand the relationship between these two aspects.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros

Imagen de apoyo de Growing or filling the city? Taking the debate on densification South. Is the densification approach an appropriate urban development policy for Latin-American cities? A Colombian case study

Por: Juan Felipe Caicedo Chacón | Fecha: 2015

This professional dissertation aims at understanding and questioning the present supremacy of the densification paradigm in urban planning. After presenting the theoretical bases of urban spatial structures, the paper studies the urban growth dynamics in Colombian cities. It focuses on a special category of cities where the densification paradigm proves to be especially inefficient: intermediary rapidly growing cities in developing countries. On the light of these findings, the paper analyses an alternative experience of urban development in Colombia by presenting the Urban Expansion Initiative conducted in Valledupar. Finally, the paper discusses the relationship between densification, urban poverty and urban sustainability.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros

Imagen de apoyo de Stereophonic recording angle and angular distortion: a closer look into stereo microphone techniques = Ángulo de grabación estereofónica y distorsión angular: una mirada cercana a las técnicas de microfonía estereofónicas

Por: María Elisa Ayerbe Barona | Fecha: 2015

This thesis examines my theoretical research and practical experimentation performed over a period of 10 months concerning stereophonic recording arrays and the effect of Stereophonic Recording Angle (SRA) and Angular Distortion (AD), based on Williams’ research. In essence, the objective of this personal experience is to serve as a guide for any recording engineer or audio student interested in taking a closer look into stereophonic microphone arrays and its relation to the recorded stereo image. The emphasis made on the study of Stereophonic Recording Angle and Angular Distortion will provide the reader with the necessar information in order to decide which stereo microphone combination will provide the best result for any given recording situation. The research portion of this paper delivers a comprehensive approach to the fundamental physics and psychoacoustics involved in the recording and reproduction of stereophonic microphone techniques and how they relate to SRA and AD. Furthermore, the sections of analysis of the recording exercises and final recordings describe the methodology and results of hours of recorded rehearsals with several acoustic music ensembles at Middle Tennessee State University.

Fuente: Biblioteca Virtual Banco de la República Tipo de contenido: Tesis

Temas:
Otros
Ingeniería