En todo el mundo hay cerca de 1,5 miles de millones de personas con sobrepeso, de las que 500 millones son obesas, el sobrepeso afecta a 43 millones de niños en el mundo, de acuerdo con el Banco Mundial en 2030 la cantidad de obesos podria ascender hasta el 30% de la población latinoamericana. Se propone como contribución social la empresa lntelifruit, dedicada a la preparación y comercialización de bebidas inteligentes, consistentes en jugos de frutas y verduras orgánicas y de origen, que satisfagan las necesidades de hidratación y de alimentación; de delicioso sabor, que brinden beneficios funcionales, aportando al mejoramiento de los hábitos alimenticios. El proyecto cuenta con una VPN de 288 millones de pesos, un Payback en el mes 24, una TIR de 110%, indicadores que muestran que la inversión se ve recuperada en el segundo año con márgenes positivos como el Ebitda el cual se vuelve positivo en el mes 9 del año 1 y se mantiene durante el tiempo estimado del proyecto en promedio con un margen del 11%. La inversión requerida es de 40 millones de pesos, para realizar las adecuaciones, arriendo de local, inversiones en activos fijos, entre otros.

En el mercado mundial del café, la calidad del grano (aroma, sabor, cuerpo y acidez) y su consistencia, son los factores más decisivos para los clientes que motivan a un comprador a pagar un precio determinado por un producto. Cuando se cumplen ambas condiciones: consistencia y calidad de café y se suma la cantidad con frecuencia, los clientes están dispuestos a pagar un precio superior y se puede lograr una diferenciación del mismo que representa un mayor ingreso y por ende, una mayor rentabilidad y competitividad de la industria cafetalera. Con esta óptica, el proyecto se localiza en Viotá, al sur occidente del Departamento de Cundinamarca, a 86 km de Bogotá y a 12 km de la carretera troncal que comunica el interior con el sur del país. Este emprendimiento consiste en el procesamiento de café cereza en café pergamino seco demostrando condiciones viables desde lo social, financiero, mercado, medio ambiente e ingeniería. La empresa tendrá dos frentes de trabajo; uno relacionado con una planta procesadora y otro con la fuerza comercial que genera el poder de negociación que necesitan los clientes

Abstract: In the Colombian armed conflict, women represented between 40% and 50% of guerrilla ranks. Since 1999 until 2017 the DDR program in charge of the rehabilitation and reintegration for children lead by ICBF has attended around 1720 girls that disengaged from non-stated armed groups, from which 60% came from FARC. Keeping in mind that in 2016, the peace agreement between the government of Colombia and FARC was signed, the analysis of challenges in the reintegration processes of these girls, obtain relevance. Considering that the gender inequalities in the Colombian Society represent a structural violence that in many cases are the root causes that push girls to join the guerrilla groups, this research addresses to what extent the DDR Program for children lead by ICBF, managed to break the perpetuation of the sex/gender cultural system, based on the life trajectories of six former Colombian child combatants that were in the guerrilla groups and today have finished the ICBF program. The study will be grounded in ideas of post-conflict peacebuilding and DDR as a practice tool to peacebuilding. Also, insights of feminist theories such as the sex/gender system, intersectionality, gender stereotyping among others will be discussed to delimit the understanding of the structural violence based on gender to analyze the life-stories of the disengaged people.

Abstract: The author sets out a strategy for the sustainable development of a geothermal resource park within the geo-thermoelectric field Domo San Pedro (DSP), Nayarit, Mexico. The DSP project is owned by Grupo Dragón (GD), which it is the first private geothermal project within the country. The resource park is a pioneer initiative for sustainable large-scale geothermal direct-use development in the country. Currently, initiatives toward the development of geothermal direct-use projects, using the excess heat of the electricity generation, are being taken at the location. A fish farming project and a greenhouse are being developed under the Social Responsibility area, and a fruit drying pilot project is taking place in collaboration with the Engineering Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). A coordinated long-term value proposal is recommended to achieve resource allocation efficiency and stakeholder engagement through the process. The DSP RP strategy looks for a holistic sustainable, efficient and inclusive way of using the geothermal resource, implicating directuse development, socioeconomic benefits for the local community of San Pedro Lagunillas and an environmental industrial solution for all the parties involved. A symbiotic relationship among parties is proposed, fostering the sustainable development of geothermal low enthalpy projects in Mexico. The author presents a background analysis that will define the DSP Resource Park proposal, as well as a development strategy that will ensure the long-term success of the park. Resumen: La autora plantea una estrategia para el desarrollo sostenible de un parque de recursos geotérmicos dentro del campo geotermoeléctrico Domo San Pedro (DSP), Nayarit, México. El proyecto DSP es propiedad del Grupo Dragón (GD), siendo el primer desarrollo geotérmico privado del país. El parque de recursos es una iniciativa pionera para el desarrollo sostenible de los recursos geotérmicos de uso directo en México. Se han venido desarrollando iniciativas para el desarrollo de proyectos de uso directo geotérmico asociados a la planta, aprovechando el exceso de calor de la generación eléctrica. El departamento de Responsabilidad Social desarrolla un proyecto de piscicultura y un invernadero, así como un proyecto piloto de secado de frutas en colaboración con el Instituto de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). La tesis plantea una propuesta de valor coordinada a largo plazo para lograr la eficiencia en la asignación de recursos y la participación de las partes interesadas a lo largo del proceso de establecimiento del parque de recursos. La estrategia busca una forma holística sostenible, eficiente e inclusiva de utilizar el recurso geotérmico, implicando el desarrollo de usos directos, beneficios socioeconómicos para la comunidad local de San Pedro Lagunillas y una solución ambiental industrial para todas las partes involucradas. Se propone una relación simbiótica entre las partes, fomentando el desarrollo sustentable de proyectos geotérmicos de baja entalpía en México. Así, la autora presenta un análisis de antecedentes que definirá la propuesta del parque de recursos, así como una estrategia de desarrollo que asegurará el éxito a largo plazo de la iniciativa.

Abstract: In order to re-envision the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Parkville Medical Precinct, it is begun by drawing key points of interest from the research conducted on hospitals and the healthcare system. The chapter will synthesize the learnings from research conducted on: the ageing population, new medical technologies, hospital logistics, campus types, and healthcare delivery models. From each area of research, it is established the key points of interest and how they may be applied in the field of design medical infrastructure. These points allowed consider the possible design opportunities within the Parkville medical precinct. From this research method, it is able to gain a further understanding of the logistics of a hospital, and what elements can be incorporated into the design of the precinct. Most importantly, by undertaking this exercise, we were able to uncover relationships that were not evident from a top-down site simplified site analysis perspective. Design as a research tool opens a wide range of opportunities for urban design that reaches across many different disciplines and cross them, providing unexpected creative outcomes.

Abstract: The property of an organic molecule able to emit light efficiently from both their singlet and triplet excited states is called biluminescence. This dual state emission, particularly at room temperature, is difficult to achieve by purely organic molecules. It is possible only if the competitive thermal decay is suppressed effectively, enhancing the yield from the triplet state (i.e. phosphorescence) in addition to the conventional fluorescence. Biluminescence was identified in a simple host:guest system in which the biluminophore (i.e. an organic molecule showing biluminescence) NPB [N,N’-di(naphtha-1-yl)-N,N’- diphenyl-benzidine] is embedded in a rigid matrix, for example, the polymer PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)]. This system is unique not only due to the dual state emission, having fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions at 425nm and 530nm, respectively, but also because the large range of exciton lifetimes is extended up to nine orders of magnitude between nanosecond fluorescence and second phosphorescence. Up to date, efforts have been placed exclusively in the research of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), although fluorescence can be observed from these systems as well. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was the investigation of the fundamental photophysical processes and characteristics of biluminescent organic molecules, in addition to their usage in promising applications as it will be described next. For instance, the most used approach for oxygen sensing is based on quenching of luminescent excited states, following a scheme of optical monitoring, i.e. correlating luminescence over-time data with oxygen concentrations. However, regardless whether one pursues fluorescence or phosphorescence quenching, they share a common drawback: They cannot monitor the effect of sample degradation due to extensive light exposure. In fact, one cannot distinguish between oxygen having penetrated the film and quenched the luminescence, or the sample being degraded over time due to e.g. photobleaching of the emitting molecules. The former represents an issue, especially for build-in applications. Now herein, it was proposed to use biluminescence to exclude degradation processes from oxygen sensing data evaluation, through a simple fluorescence-to-phosphorescence intensity ratio. This can be achieved, because it was proven here that the fluorescence is not directly quenched by oxygen, whereas the long-lived RTP is sensitive to it. Therefore, the fluorescence acts as self-referencing in a biluminescent sensor, which serves as an alternative solution to monitor oxygen concentrations. Additionally, the integration of the sensor into optoelectronic devices is considered as a potential future direction. Furthermore, it was revealed in this thesis that the difference in exciton lifetime yields to a significant limitation of luminescence efficiency, because of exciton accumulation under continuous illumination, causing bimolecular processes like singlet-triplet and triplet-triplet annihilation (STA and TTA, respectively), as well as optical saturation. All those processes occur already at moderate excitation intensities. It was demonstrated through sample engineering and oxygen quenching experiments, that the triplet exciton density can be controlled over several orders of magnitude, allowing to study exciton interactions between singlet and triplet manifolds. Consequently, the presented biluminescent system represents an illustrative role model to study excitonic effects in organic molecules. For example, in organic light-emitting diode materials, where the aforementioned effects i.e. STA, TTA and saturation, are application relevant but much more difficult to investigate. Mainly because light emission can be observed only from one state, instead of both states like in biluminescence.

Abstract: The transition from armed conflicts or oppressive regimes to contexts of peace and democracy requires a thorough investigation of what happened during the time of violence. This crucial responsibility of clarifying a past period of abuses has been undertaken by truth commissions. However, the reconstruction of this truth cannot forget the inequalities women had to endure historically and the different impacts they suffer during wartime. In that sense, the truth-seeking work that truth commissions performed needs to incorporate a gender perspective, in order to fight the discrimination against women, and to include their point of view in the version of a country’s truth. Thus, two of the strongest truth commissions in the world have developed particular measures regarding women: Peru and East Timor. For that reason, this research identifies and analyse such actions. This with the aim of recognising the learnings of these experiences in gender issues and, based on them, build a proposal on how a truth commission should incorporate the gender perspective in its truth-seeking work.

Abstract: Law 160 of 1994 in Colombia marks a point of transit between the sterile attempts for agrarian reform in the 20th century and a series of market-based land policies. However, this law also marks the end of a cycle of peasant mobilization, especially in border areas, and with it a partial recognition of the peasant settlers is achieved, through what the law named Peasant Reserve Zones (PRZ). These zones allow basically three main things to the inhabitants of frontier zones: the titling of the land that the settlers have transformed and that they informally possess, the closure of the agricultural frontier through a control of the amount of land that can be owned inside the zone, and the peasant governance of the zone. The peasant governance is manifested through processes of territorial ordering, in which the peasant associations that impulse each zone regulates the social and economic activities of it. The majority of the academic literature that has analyzed the PRZ in the last 25 years has focused its attention in particular zones treating them as case studies. Through these cases, this literature has presented the PRZ as a reaction of the peasant communities to the processes of capital accumulation and capital penetration in the Colombian countryside. Nevertheless, this literature has done this analysis without considering in depth the variation in the strategies the PRZ have used in developing a repertoire of contention against the implementation of land policies before the law 160 was issued and after it, and focusing mainly in the critical geography discussion of the dynamics of territorialization. Through a sociological and historical analysis, this paper offers an initial exploration of the dynamic process of formation of a repertoire of contention of the Colombian PRZ. This paper analyzes in a parallel way the formation of the Colombian state and the formation of a peasant social movement. It concludes arguing that the PRZ have developed two repertoires of contention through which they have at the same time resist and create the Colombian state, and 5 strategies that have enabled them a margin of maneuver between the two repertoires.

Resumen: Esta publicación hace un recorrido y se sumerge en el fascinante mundo de los festivales de música en vivo. Para cualquier persona interesada en producir un festival de música como el "Festival Estéreo Picnic", esta tesis es una guía con recomendaciones claras sobre los principales elementos a tener en cuenta para producir un festival de música enfocado en música Latina y sus diferentes variaciones musicales. Las recomendaciones pueden ser aplicadas y adaptadas a cualquier ciudad del mundo. La tesis analiza los festivales de música más importantes del mundo y hace un listado de elementos y características que deben ser tomados en cuenta por el productor para lograr un evento exitoso. La publicación incluye un estudio demográfico de la población latina en la ciudad de Nueva York, ciudad donde proponga hacer el evento.

Abstract: Sexual reproduction depends on the transmission of exactly one copy of each chromosome by the maternal and paternal gametes. This is accomplished during meiosis when diploid progenitors undergo two consecutive rounds of chromosome segregation following a single round of DNA replication. In most organisms, this relies on the establishment of bivalent chromosomes consisting of replicated parental homologues physically linked at sites of meiotic recombination. In female mammals, bivalents are formed during fetal development when the lifetime stock of primordial-stage oocytes is established. However, they are not resolved until shortly before ovulation. Extending this period beyond ~35 years results in a dramatic increase in embryo aneuploidy. Depletion of the lifetime stock of oocytes during ageing culminates in menopause. Our previous studies indicate that Rec8-containing cohesin complexes also become depleted from oocyte chromosomes during female ageing. Consistent with cohesin’s role in maintaining chromosome structure, depletion of Rec8 is associated with destabilisation of bivalents chromosomes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms and timing of cohesin depletion remain unknown. Here, I investigated the possibility that age-related cohesion depletion is a consequence of leaky inhibition of the protease separase, which cleaves Rec8 during anaphase. I found that oocyte-specific deletion of separase did not prevent depletion of oocyte cohesin during female ageing. I, therefore, conclude that age-related depletion occurs by a separaseindependent mechanism. I next investigated the timing, during oogenesis, at which cohesin loss occurs. I found that cohesin is predominantly lost at the primordial stage before oocytes are recruited for growth. In addition, using an oocyte-specific deletion of Pten, I determined that this occurs independently of the decline in the ovarian stock of primordial-stage oocytes. Together, these results indicate that age-related cohesin depletion occurs at the primordial stage by a separase-independent mechanism. Other possible of mechanisms of cohesin depletion include protein damage and/or agerelated deterioration of chromatin structure. From a clinical perspective, my work suggests that “rejuvenation’ of fertility by activating the residual pool of primordial oocytes is unlikely to be successful in older women.